6011 Final Exam
Three industries with the highest fatality rate
1. Agriculture 2. Transportation and warehousing 3. Construction
Steps for typical water treatment processes
1. Screen 2. Flocculation 3. Sedimentation/settling 4. Filtration (Sand/gravel, activated charcoal) 5. Disinfection 6. Storage 7. Distribution
Clean Water Act
1972; set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable
What historical event lead to SARA?
1984 Bhopal, India Disaster - worst industrial disaster to date Union Carbide pesticide plant released methyl Isocyanate into air Death and prolonged health defects
Effectiveness of safe storage intervcention
21% reduction
Effectiveness of point of use water treatment
30-50% reduction in child DD prevalence
What percent of hazardous waste stream do cell phones make up
70%
China's recycling ban
72% of the world's recycling materials went to China 2017 they cut back and demanded cleaner materials - .5% instead of 30% contamination A lot of plastic and paper ended up in Thailand and Malaysia after the ban Paper was open burned and plastic piled up
Noise as a workplace hazard
85 dBA - 8 hour TWA
Point Source water pollution
A single identifiable and localized source of water pollution, such as wastewater discharge into a stream. Regulated by CWA and requires NPDES permit
Genotoxic compounds
Able to directly or with metabolic activation alter DNA - point mutations
2 types of respirators
Air purifying and supplied ari
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Private organization Existed long before OSHA More stringent
Solid waste
Any discarded material from industrial, commercial, government, mining or agriculture Can include soil, liquids, semi-solids, or contained gaseous materials
Where does US e-waste go?
Asia
Intoxicatoin
Bacteria makes a toxin - staph and clostridium both produce toxins as a byproduct of growth
Microlesion mutations
Base-pair and frameshift mutations
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
By 2030 #6 is to ensure availability of water and sanitation Recognizes improved drinking sources at piped water, public taps, tube well or borehole, protected dug well, protected springs and rainwater
Protected Runoff
Capture and use of rainwater Building of reservoirs
Special waste
Catch all, medical waste, construction debris, asbestos, mining waste, usually has its own regulations
Which water disinfectants provide residual disinfection?
Chlorine
Common disinfectants in water treatment
Chlorine, Ozone, Chlorine dioxide, chloamines, they all generate by products
Macrolesions
Chromosome aberrations Often caused by machinery not DNA change in chromosome structure Change in chromosome number
Supplied Air Respirator
Comes with own air supply, airline respirator, self contained breathing apparatus, only used when space will take time good for 5-10 minutes
Examples of improved santitation
Composting toilets, pit latrine with slab, ventilated pit latrine, flush or pour-flush
What does CERCLA stand for?
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act - 1980
Explain protein synthesi
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus Then on a ribosome, tRNA carries a complementary amino acid to bind with the mRNA codons which translates the RNA into a protein
How do epigenetics usually work?
DNA methylation - suppression of expression by inhibiting transcription Histone modification - wraps DNA in histone, cannot be expressed until unwound MicroRNAs - regulate gene expression by interacting with mRNA, important in cancer
What are epigenetics?
Determines which genes are expressed, resulting in heritable changes in the phenotype without changes to the genotype
Where can water be contaminated with lead?
During distribution, it comes from lead service lines
Regulatory Scope of CERCLA
EPA regulates, If you put it in the ground in the past, dig it up now
Regulatory Scope of RCRA
EPA regulates, do not put waste elsewhere
Regulatory Scope of SARA
EPA regulates, says if you have chemicals tell us
Hierarch of Hazard Controls
Elimination, Substitution, Engineering, Administrative, PPE
EPCRA
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986 Citizens have the right to know which chemicals are in their communities Requires emergency planning for all spills and releases Established TRI
Primary Drinking Standards
Enforceable guidelines MCLG and MCL
What did the SDWA do?
Enforced drinking water standards Applies to all public systems but not all private wells Not applied to bottled water (FDA)
Types of physical workplace hazards
Ergonomics Confined Space Entry Hot/Cold Work Mold/Mildew Radiation - suits for alpha particles, gamma particles need distance, time, and shielding Lasers
ILO - International Labor Organization
Estimates 2.3 million people dies from work related issues each year
Groundwater
Fills spaces between soil particles and fractured rock underneath Great for human use, free of contamination Source of about 50% of water used by the US population
Challenges to food safety
Food sitting out too long Bad hand washing Cross contamination Food not cooked to appropriate temp Incorrect storage
What does SARA do?
Gives citizens the right to know which chemicals are in their communities Created Emergency Planning and Community "right to know" Act (EPCRA)
HACCP
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Systemic approach to food safety through prevention rather than inspection of final product Identifies critical control points
IDLH
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health - limit where death may occur in 30 minutes
State and local agencies role in responsibility for food safety
Inspect restaurants and grocery stores Train food service workers Conduct outreach during recalls and foodborne outbreaks
What did RCRA do?
Law created the framework for the proper management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste Includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of HW You cannot treat waste Generator owns the waste forever!
What historical event lead to CERCLA?
Love Canal, Niagara, NY School and homes were build on land that had previously been used for toxic waste
What is higher BOD associated with?
Lower water quality because nutrients present provide the ingredients for eutrophication and lowering of oxygen levels in a body of water, can cause the body of water to become hypoxia or even anoxic
MCL
Maximum Contaminant Level Enforceable standard Based on technical feasibility and cost Set as close to MCLG as possible TT (treatment technique) set instead if contaminates cannot be measured
MCLG
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. No adverse health effects associated with this level. Not enforceable
MSHA
Mine Safety and Health Administration - department of labor
CDC role in responsibility for food safety
Monitors and investigates food borne illness and outbreaks Coordinates foodnet surveillance of food safety Oversees DNA tracing of pathogens through PulseNet, a network of labs in each state
EPA role in responsibility for food safety
Monitors drinking water and regulates toxic chemicals
What does CERCLA do?
NPL - national priorities list - for poorly managed or abandoned waste sites Government or responsible party must always clean up
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - 1970 - research - HHS
Secondary Drinking Standards
Nonenforceable guidelines Cosmetic and Aesthetic effects
Explain the role of the microbiome
Normal flora prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for active sites or for essential nutrients
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - 1970 Department of Labor Sets standards and regulations for safe workplaces
Campylobacter
Often found in poultry and untreated surface water Grow best in reduced oxygen environments Killed by heat, acid, salt, and drying Prevention includes pasteurization, cooking, and avoiding cross contamination
FDA role in responsibility for food safety
Oversees safety of 80% of domestic and imported food Supports state and local efforts through the Model Food Code
USDA role in responsibility for food safety
Oversees the safety of meat, poultry, eggs Inspects meat processing plants Establishes quality and marketing grades for many foods
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit - OSHA - Regulates workplace chemicals
Examples of unimproved sanitation
Pit latrine with no slab, bucket, hanging toilet or latrine
What do cells do?
Provide structure and support, facilitate growth and reproduction, create metabolic reactions, produce energy, allow passive and active transportation
Three control strategies for repetitive motion injuries
Reduce repetition, reduce force/weight, position - maintain near neutral
What does RCRA stand for?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act - 1976
CERCLA is...
Retroactive, strict, and joint and several
Do rural or urban areas have higher rates of unimproved sanitation?
Rural
What is the SDWA?
Safe Drinking Water Act
More slips and falls occur on...
Same level walking surfaces
STELs
Short term exposure limit - max concentration allowed during a 15 m Knute continuous period - allowed 4x/day with 60 min in between
Municipal waste
Solid waste consisting of everyday items which are commonly generated in homes
Salmonella
Spread through contact with intestinal contents or excrement of animals or humans Associated with eggs, poultry, beef, port, meats, raw sprouts Destroyed by cooking and cannot multiple at cold temperatures
Workers Compensation
States decide and it varies greatly
Non-Point Source Water Pollution
Storm water - big source of chemical pollutants, collected in sewer systems, need to increase water infiltration, slow the flow Water run off from land - carries pathogens, nutrients, toxic chemicals, not regulated by NPDES
What does SARA stand for?
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act - reauthorization of CERCLA
Work/Rest/Water consumption table
Takes into consideration work difficulty, temperature, clothing, and give rec for how much water an individual should could consume and how much rest they need
Infection
The bacterium itself is making you sick - salmonella, campylobacter, e. Coli are all infections
Ceilings
The max concentration of a chemical allowed at any length of time - usually set on fast acting chemical
Tertiary treatment of wastewater
The removal of inorganic minerals and plant nutrients after primary and secondary treatment of sewage.
TLVs
Threshold Limit Values - ACGIH
What historical event lead to RCRA?
Time's Beach, Missouri 1972-1976 Oil sprayed roads, oil was laced with dioxin, 1982 flood lead to CDC recommendation not to reinhabit
TRI
Toxic Release Inventory - must report all chemical releases, storage, usage, and disposal and it must be publically available
Characteristic Solid waste
Toxicity, reactivity, Corrosiveness, ignitability
Air Purifying Respirator
Uses air near by, not to be used in low oxygen, highly hazardous or unknown environments, disposable, half masks, gas masks
Viruses vs. Bacteria
Viruses are smaller than bacteria and not technically alive, they cannot respirate or replicate on their own Viruses invade cells and take over cell machinery
WASH Acronym
Wa = water that is safe and up contaminated S = sanitation, facilities for safe disposal of human waste H = Hygiene, hand washing after using the bathroom and before eating
Hazardous Waste
Waste with properties that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment.
Surface Water
Water above the surface of the land, including lakes, rivers, streams, ponds Often requires extensive treatment before use
Primary treatment in wastewater treatment
Water enters into the grit chamber. Large sediment deposits at the bottom. Water flows into the sedimentation tank where finer sediment settles to the bottom
Secondary treatment in wastewater treatement
Water flows into the aeration tank where air is injected into he water Water flows out into pipes to be dispersed Remaining chemicals fall to the bottom into the activated sludge which contains sanitation chemical
WBGT
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature - straight temp, humidity, and solar load
Conditions for mold/mildew growth
Wet building material, 68-90 F, 60% humidity
BOD
biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials Higher levels of nutrients in water will mean more biological activity
DBPs
disinfection by-products - trihalomethanes, bromate, haloacetic acids
Outbreak of foodborne illness
incident in which two or more people experience the same illness after eating the same food
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
NPDES
national pollutant discharge elimination system. Before Clean water act, expands EPA control. Still require a permit to dump in navigable waterways, streams and intrastate lakes, coastal waterway, freshwater wetlands.
Listed Solid Waste
non-specific sources (toluene, MEK, etc) Specific sources (sludge from steel making plant)
Base-pair mutation
switching one base pair, for example AT to GC. Can result in silent mutation, missense mutation, and nonsense mutation
