6.1 Anatomy of the Endocrine System

A ____ ____ system enhances or increases the amount of the hormone that is regulated.

A POSITIVE FEEDBACK system enhances or increases the amount of the hormone that is regulated.

A ____-____ is a range in which the body acts to maintain all its levels for function.

A SET-POINT is a range in which the body acts to maintain all its levels for function.

A hormone is defined as an organic chemical produced by ____ set of cells that affects a ____ set of cells.

A hormone is defined as an organic chemical produced by ONE set of cells that affects a DIFFERENT set of cells.

____ ____ is a way of "turning off" hormone production and keeping hormones within their proper range.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK is a way of "turning off" hormone production and keeping hormones within their proper range.

Negative feedback is one way the body maintains ____ or set-point.

Negative feedback is one way the body maintains HOMEOSTASIS or set-point.

Once in the bloodstream, hormones interact with ____ throughout the body.

Once in the bloodstream, hormones interact with CELLS throughout the body.

Once inside the nucleus, steroid hormones bind to receptors which create a ____-____ ____.

Once inside the nucleus, steroid hormones bind to receptors which create a HORMONE-RECEPTOR COMPLEX.

One example of an exocrine gland includes the ____ _____, secreting salivary amylase into the mouth.

One example of an exocrine gland includes the SALIVARY GLANDS, secreting salivary amylase into the mouth.

One hormone that works through the action of positive feedback is ____, a hormone involved in childbirth - causes the uterus to contract.

One hormone that works through the action of positive feedback is OXYTOCIN, a hormone involved in childbirth.

____ ____ can be derived from proteins, peptides, or catecholamines.

PEPTIDE HORMONES can be derived from proteins, peptides, or catecholamines.

____ ____ organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

PRIMARY ENDOCRINE organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

____ ____ organs secrete hormones that chemically regulate body functions.

PRIMARY ENDOCRINE organs secrete hormones that chemically regulate body functions.

Peptide hormones activate existing ____ in the cell.

Peptide hormones activate existing ENZYMES in the cell.

Peptide hormones tend to act relatively ____ but for a ____ period of time.

Peptide hormones tend to act relatively QUICKLY, but for a SHORT period of time.

____ ____ glands include the heart, kidneys, gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females), and thymus.

SECONDARY ENDOCRINE glands include the heart, kidneys, gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females), and thymus.

____ ____ organs secrete hormones as a secondary function.

SECONDARY ENDOCRINE organs secrete hormones as a secondary function.

____ ____ are derived from cholesterol by a series of ____ ____.

STEROID HORMONES are derived from cholesterol by a series of METABOLIC REACTIONS.

____ have a more sustained effect on the metabolism of the cell than do ____ hormones because they can create new proteins for the cell.

STEROIDS have a more sustained effect on the metabolism of the cell than do PEPTIDE hormones because they can create new proteins or the cell.

Steroid hormones can enter the cell and the nucleus freely instead of needing to interact with a ____-____ ____.

Steroid hormones can enter the cell and the nucleus freely instead of needing to interact with a CELL-SURFACE RECEPTOR.

Steroids act more slowly than peptides because it takes more time to ____ new proteins than to ____ enzymes that are already present in the cell.

Steroids act more slowly than peptides because it takes more time to SYNTHESIZE new proteins than to ACTIVATE enzymes that are already present in the cell.

The positive feedback loop is ____ once the baby is born and the uterus no longer needs to contract, ____ the production of oxytocin.

The positIve feedback loop is STOPPED once the baby is born and the uterus no longer needs to contract, STOPPING the production of oxytocin.

There are two main categories of hormones: ____ hormones and ____ hormones.

There are two main categories of hormones: PEPTIDE hormones and STEROID hormones.

There are two types of glands: ____ and ____ glands.

There are two types of glands: ENDOCRINE and EXOCRINE glands.

Therefore, certain cells respond to one hormone and not to another, depending on the cell's ____ ____.

Therefore, certain cells respond to one hormone and not to another, depending on the cell's SURFACE RECEPTOR.

These hormones are stored in ____ ____ in the cell cytoplasm until their release at the ____ ____.

These hormones are stored in FAT DROPLETS in the cell cytoplasm until their release at the PLASMA MEMBRANE.

This complex activates specific ____ that lead to ____ synthesis.

This complex activates specific GENES that lead to PROTEIN synthesis.

All hormones have a specific organ/gland of ____, a specific target organ/gland or organs/glands, and a specific ____.

All hormones have a specific organ/gland of ORIGIN, a specific target organ/gland or organs/glands, and a specific ACTION.

Cells that can react to a hormone have specific ____, which combine with the hormone in a ____-and-_____ manner.

Cells that can react to a hormone have specific RECEPTORS, which combine with the hormone in a LOCK-AND-KEY manner.

In contrast, the endocrine system utilizes ____, chemical messengers, that are typically released directly into the ____.

In contrast, the endocrine system utilizes HORMONES, chemical messengers, that are typically released directly into the BLOODSTREAM.

In the nervous system, ____ release ____ that influence the excitability of the other neurons.

In the nervous system, NEURONS release NEUROTRANSMITTERS that influence the excitability of the other neurons.

It takes time for a hormone to travel through the ____ ____ to its target organ.

It takes time for a hormone to travel through the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM to its target organ.

Many hormones are ____ that are coded for by genes and synthesized within the ____ at the ribosomes.

Many hormones are PROTEINS that are coded for by genes and synthesized within the CYTOPLASM at the ribosomes.

Most hormones are controlled through ____ ____.

Most hormones are controlled through NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.

Most hormones are controlled through a mechanism called ____ ____.

Most hormones are controlled through a mechanism called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.

Endocrine glands are ____, secreting their contents directly into the bloodstream for ____ throughout the body.

Endocrine glands are DUCTLESS, secreting their contenTs directly inTO the bloodstream for DISTRIBUTION throughout the body.

Eventually, hormones are packaged into ____ at the Golgi apparatus and are secreted at the ____ ____.

Eventually, hormones are packaged into the VESICLES at the golgi apparatus and are secreted at the PLASMA MEMBRANE.

Exocrine glands have ____ that secrete their contents into an ____ surface.

Exocrine glands have DUCTS that secrete their contents into an EPITHELIAL surface.

Hormones are chemical messengers sent through the body ____ and ____ by the endocrine system.

Hormones are chemical messengers sent through the body UTILIZED and PRODUCED by the endocrine system.

Hormones are chemical messengers that influence the ____ of the recipient cell.

Hormones are chemical messengers that influence the METABOLISM of the recipient cell.

Hormones are secreted by ____ ____ throughout the body.

Hormones are secreted by ENDOCRINE GLANDS throughout the body.

The ____ is a long organ that lies ____ in the abdomen between the kidneys and near the duodenum of the small intestine.

The PANCREAS is a long organ that lies TRANSVERSELY in the abdomen between the kidneys and near the duodenum of the small intestine.

The ____ is a lobular gland that lies in the upper thoracic cavity.

The THYMUS is a lobular gland that lies in the upper thoracic cavity.

The ____ ____ is a large gland located in the neck, where it is attached to the ____ just below the ____.

The THYROID GLAND is a large gland located in the neck, where it is attached to the TRACHEA just below the LARYNX.

The action of ____ (antidiuretic hormone) is one example.

The action of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is one example.

The action of ADH is to ____ the blood - once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus detects the dilute levels and shuts off the release of ____.

The action of ADH is to DILUTE the blood. Once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus detects the dilute levels and shuts off the release of ADH.

The action of the uterus contracting causes ____ oxytocin to be released. This enhances the effect of the uterus contractions, causing ____ oxytocin to be released.

The action of the uterus contracting causes MORE oxytocin to be released. This enhances the effect of the uterus contractions, causing MORE oxytocin to be released.

The brain is constantly monitoring hormone levels to keep levels within its certain ____ or ____-____.

The brain is constantly monitoring hormone levels to keep levels within its certain RANGE or SET-POINT.

The concept of negative feedback is like the action of a ____, is set to a certain temperature, just like the body has a set point of ____.

The concept of negative feedback is like the action of a THERMOSTAT, is set to a certain temperature, just like the body has a set point of HOMEOSTASIS.

The endocrine system along with the ____ ____, coordinates the various activities of body parts by utilizing ____ ____ to coordinate these activities.

The endocrine system along with the NERVOUS SYSTEM, coordinates the various activities of body parts by utilizing CHEMICAL MESSENGERS to coordinate these activities.

The four ____ ____ are embedded into the surface of the thyroid gland.

The four PARATHYROID GLANDS are embedded into the surface of the thyroid gland.

The heat turns on when the thermostat detects that the temperature is too ____. The heat turns off once the set-point has been reached, allowing the temperature to ____. The cycle happens again when the temperature drops too ____.

The heat turns on when the thermostat detects that the temperature is too LOW. The heat turns off once the set-point has been reached, allowing the temperature to DROP. The cycle happens again when the temperature drops too LOW.

The hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary glands are all located within the ____.

The hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary glands are all located within the BRAIN.

The left and right ____ ____ are located superiorly to each kidney.

The left and right ADRENAL GLANDS are located superiorly to each kidney.

The nervous system reacts quickly to external and internal ____, but the endocrine system tends to react somewhat ____.

The nervous system reacts quickly to external and internal STIMULI, but the endocrine system tends to react somewhat SLOWER.