6.1- Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
III. Compounds Why carbon monoxide (CO) is or is not an element?
CO, carbon monoxide is made up of two elements carbon (C) and oxygen (O) . Hence , it is a compound (combination of two or more elements) and not an element (pure substance).
II. Elements C. Radioactive isotopes -Radioisotope dating How do scientists determine the age of an object or particular piece of matter?
Can use the amount of radiation at present or how much carbon 14 remains in the sample
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic Bonds Two types of ion
Cation Anion
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic Bonds Chlorine gas seven electrons in its outer level. They need just one electron to fill it. How?
Chlorine accepts n electron from a donor atom such as sodium chloride Chlorine becomes a negative charged ion (Cl-)
III. Compounds Compounds have several characteristics. What is the first characteristic?
Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements in a fixed ratio. Ex: Water is also and always made by 2 HYDROGEN atoms combining with 1 OXYGEN atom
III. Compounds Compounds have several characteristics. What is the second characteristic?
Compounds are chemically and physically different than the elements that comprise them Ex: Water has different properties than hydrogen and oxygen
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms Why does the nucleus of an atom have a positive charge?
Contains a nucleus and protons Nucleus has no charge Protons have a positive charge So therefore it has a positive charge
What kind of bonds can elements form?
Covalent and ionic bonds
IV. Chemical bonds What are two main types of chemical bonds?
Covalent bonds Ionic bonds
IV. Chemical bonds A. Covalent bonds Why determines if a covalent bond is single, double, or triple?
Depending on the number of pairs of electrons
III. Compounds Each compound are represented by...
Each compound has a CHEMICAL FORMULA made up of CHEMICAL SYMBOLS from the periodic table
IV. Chemical bonds A. Covalent bonds (Drawing of H2O on notes) How is the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen to form water and example of Covalent Bonds?
Each hydrogen has one electron in it outmost energy level, Oxygen has 6 Because the outermost energy level of oxygen is the 2nd level, which can hold up to 8 electrons, oxygen has a strong tendency* to fill the energy level by sharing the electrons from the two nearby hydrogen atoms Hydrogen does not completely give up oxygen to fill its outermost energy level Result: two covalent bonds form, which creates water
Difference between element and compound?
Element- only a single type of atom Compound- usually 2 or more atoms combined
In order for the atom to be most stable, the outer most energy level should be either
Empty or completely filled
True or False/ All compounds in living organism have covalent bonds holding them together
False, MOST compounds in living things
True/ False Partially filled energy levels are as STRONG as an energy level that is empty or completely filled
False; partially filled energy levels are not as STABLE as an energy level that is empty or completely filled
II. Elements A. Period table of elements What are the different states of matter?
Gas Liquid Solid Synthetic elements
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic Bonds Sodium has one electron it is outermost energy level. How will it become more stable?
If it gives up this once electron, leaving its outer energy level empty
II. Elements A. Periodic table of elements In the PToE, how are elements arranged?
In order of increasing ATOMIC NUMBER
How does an ion DIFFER from an atom?
Ion- particle with a charge Atom- particles with no charge
II. Elements C. Radioactive Isotopes What are radioactive isotopes,
Isotopes whose nuclei breaks and gives off radiation
II. Elements B. Isotopes As you change and increase* the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, what happens to the nucleus?
It becomes unstable can cause to decay/break apart and eventually radioactive
II. Elements B. Isotopes What does altering the number of neutrons in an atom do to the atom?
It does change overall charge but does affect is stability
II. Elements C. Radioactive isotopes What is radioisotope dating?
Knowing the amount of time it takes for a radioactive nucleus to decay
II. Elements A. Period table of elements List how an element is characterized in each block from TOP to BOTTOM
Left: Element name Atomic number (average of all isotopes) Symbol Atomic mass Right: State of matter
I. Atoms (Connection to History) In the 15th century, who were the two Greek philosophers to first* propose the ideas that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles?
Leucippus and Democritus
Figure 6.4 Carbon 12 and Carbon 13-occur naturally in...
Living and non living
Main Idea of 6.1
Matter is composed of tiny particles called atomes
I. Atoms Chemistry is the study of ....Define
Matter—it's composition and properties
II. Elements A. Period table of elements What are the three different types* of elements on the periodic table of elements?
Metal Metalloid Non metal
III. Compounds What is the simplest hydrocarbon?
Methane (CH4)
III. Compounds Water=H2O Table salt= ?
NaCl (sodium chloride)
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms What are electrons?
Negatively charged particles located OUTSIDE the nucleus in various energy levels where they are CONSTANTLY moving around the atom's nucleus E-
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms What does the nucleus consist of?
Neutrons and protons
III. Compounds Are all compound molecules? Why or why not?
No, molecules are only found in covalently bonded compounds
I. Atoms (Connection to History) When was it that scientist actually started to begin collecting experimental evidence to support the existence of atoms?
Not until the 1800s
II. Elements A. Period table of elements What does the periodic table of elements do?
Organizes all the known elements
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms (Figure 6.1) Hydrogen atom has 1 P and 1 E Oxygen atom has 8 P, 8 N, and 8 E Which one will have electrons move around the nucleus in two* energy levels?
Oxygen
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms What are neutrons?
Particles that have no charge located in the nucleus n0
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic Bonds When a sodium gives away this one negative charge in its outer level, the neutral sodium atom becomes a
Positively charged sodium ion (Na+)
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms What are protons?
Positively charged subatomic particles; located in the center of the nucleus P+
III. Compounds What does the electrolysis of water do?
Produces hydrogen gas that can be used for hydrogen fuel cells
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms What are the three smaller particles that atoms are made up of?
Protons Electrons Neutrons
II. Elements A. Periodic Table of Elements Because of the pattern and organization of the PToE, what advantage does this give to scientist?
Scientist can actually predict elements that have not yet been discovered or isolated
III. Compounds Compounds have several characteristics. What is the third characteristics?
That they CANNOT be broken down into simpler compounds or element by PHYSICALLY* means; but CAN be broken down CHEMICALLY* into simpler compounds or into their original elements EX: Hydrogen and oxygen from water cannot be separated through a filter. But water can break water down into hydrogen and oxygen gas through a process called ELECTROLYSIS
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms What holds an atom together and what is an atoms overall charge?
The attraction between particles hold atoms together Zero-equal number or pro and elec
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms The basic structure of an atom is the result of the .....
The attraction between protons and electrons (Opposites attract)
I. Atoms What are atoms?
The building blocks of matter
IV. Chemical bonds What are chemical bond? What is the purpose? Give an example
The force that holds substances together in compounds Ex: compounds such as water, salt, and methane formed when chemical combine
IV. Chemical bonds How does the FORMATION of chemical bonds and the BREAKING of chemical bonds related to energy for processes of growth, development, adaption, and reproduction in living things?
The forming of chemical bonds that STORES the energy The breaking if chemical bonds that provide (releases)* energy
IV. Chemical bonds The nucleus determines the ..... The electrons re involved directly in forming ....
The nucleus determines the CHEMICAL IDENTITY of an atoms Electrons are involved directly in FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS because electrons are moving constantly in ENERGY LEVELS surrounding* the nucleus
II. Elements A. Period table of elements What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
II. Elements A. Period table of elements How is that scientist were able to actually predict elements that have not been discovered yet?
The organization of the periodic table of elements
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms Atoms contain an __________ number of PROTONS and ELECTRONS
equal
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms Atoms are so small that billions of them can fit on the......
head of a pin
II. Elements Element are represented on the PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS which tells us ......?
how many protons and electrons an atom has The atomic number of each element
III. Compounds The fires people use in cars is a mixture of _____________________
hydrogen compounds (Only hydrogen and cargo atoms)
II. Elements A. Period table of elements Each block in the PToE represents an .....
individual element
III. Compounds Fireworks display compounds containing ......
metal strontium
II. Elements Each element has a unique _________ and _______
name and symbol For EX: O-oxygen; Pb-lead; can be by letter or the names by whom or where they've found
II. Elements A. Period table of elements (Figure 6.3) Living things* are composed primarily of three elements. Which are?
1. Hydrogen (most abundant in living things) 2. Carbon 3. Oxygen (most abundant in earth's crust)
II. Elements A. Period table of elements Horizontal rows- Vertical columns-
1. Periods 2. Groups and families
II. Elements C. Radioactive isotopes Give some examples of how radio active isotopes can be used for medical uses?
1. Radiation therapy to treat cancer 2. Help doctors diagnose disease 3. Help doctors locate cancer 4. Tracer isotopes
IV. Chemical bonds Also, elements determine
1. Whether an element will bond with another 2. What type of bond will form between them
IV. Chemical bonds Each energy level has a specific number of electrons that can hold at any time. The first level (closest to the nucleus) can hold ________ The second level can hold up to ________
2 8
II. Elements There are over* 100 known elements. How many of those elements occur naturally?
92
IV. Chemical bonds A. Covalent bonds What is a molecule?
A compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds Water and other substance with covalent bonds are called molecules
Substance
A form of matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition
Facet: Nuclear Engineer What are nuclear engineers? What do they use it for?
A nuclear engineer develops applications that use the radioactive properties of elements. They might use it for medical treatments, food, preservation, electricity generation
II. Elements What is an element?
A pure substance Consisting of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into other substance by physical or chemical means
III. Compounds What are compounds?
A pure substance formed when 2 or more different elements combine chemically ; CANNOT BE SEPARATED Basically, substances with unique properties that are formed when elements combine
II. Elements C. Radioactive isotopes Carbon 14 is found in
A radioactive isotope that is found in ALL living things sciences
II. Elements C.Radioactive isotopes The halfway life of an element is the
Amount of time it takes for half of carbon 14 to decay
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic Bonds What are ions?
An atom that has lost or gained one or more atoms and carries an electric charge Cation Anion
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic Bonds An ionic bond is
An electrical attraction between oppositely charged atoms or grouped of atoms caked ions
How do isotopes differ? How are they the same?
An isotope only DIFFERS in the number of neutrons it has. All isotopes of an element have the SAME atomic number (the number of electrons/protons), therefore, they have the same number of electrons/protons and therefore similiar chemical properties
I. Atoms What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass All of the organism we study in biology are made up of MATTER
II. Elements B. Isotopes What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have the SAME atomic number, but DIFFERENT mass numbers or neutron numbers
III. Compounds Wetlands are sources of living things made up of complex compounds. Which are
Bacteria in areas as in wetlands release 76% percent of global methane (CH4) from natural sources by decomposing plants and other organisms*
II. Elements B. Isotopes Why does altering the number of neutrons does NOT change the overall charge of the atoms (it still has no charge)?
Because neutrons are non charged. However, changing the number of neutrons in the nucleus can cause the stability of the nucleus to decay or break apart. If it breaks, it gives off radiation (radioactive isotopes)
II. Element Why is it called the "PERIODIC table of element" and not just "table of element"
Because of the way they are organize
III. Compounds Why are compounds considered PURE when they have different elements combined?
Because they are always put together and never changed
IV. Chemical bonds A. Covalent bonds What is a covalent bond?
Bonds when atoms share electrons in their outer energy levels
II. Elements B. Isotopes How are isotopes of an element identified?
By adding the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
IV. Chemical bonds How do atoms become more stable?
By losing electrons or attracting electrons from other atoms
II. Elements A. Period table of elements What is significant about the elements in the same vertical column? Elements in the same GROUP have similar ...
physical and chemical properties
What is the science of chemistry?
The study of the building blocks that make up the amazing diversity of life we see today
II. Elements A. Periodic Table of Elements What is the mass number of an element?
The total protons and neutrons
III. Compounds Each years, how many compounds have been discovered?
There are millions of known compounds and thousands more discovered each year
What do elements and compounds have in common?
They are both pure substances
I. Atoms (Connection to History) As technology improved over centuries, what other thing did scientist prove true about atoms?
They proved not only the existence of atoms but that they are made up of even smaller particles
IV. Chemical bonds B. Ionic bonds What some things that atoms ten to do in order to empty or fill the outer energy level in order to be stable?
They would tend to give up (donate) their electrons Or obtain (accept) electrons
IV. Chemical Bonds By losing electrons or attracting electrons from other atoms, what does this result into?
This results in the formation of chemical bonds between atoms.
True/ False Isotopes are forms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
True
True/ False: Elements can combine to form more complex* substances
True
True/ False: You and your world are made of compounds
True
True/False: Everything is made up of matter
True
IV. Chemical bonds A. Covalent bonds In water...
Two hydrogen atoms each share one electron with one oxygen atom Because the oxygen need two electrons to fill its outer level, it forms two covalent bonds, one with each hydrogen atom
Diagram: Sodium has 11 protons and 11 neutrons in it's nucleus. Draw a sodium atom.
VSR #1
I. Atoms A. Structures of Atoms Since atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons, they're OVERALL CHARGE of an atom is _________?
Zero
