690 Exam 1

___________________ are embedded in implicit somatic memory networks.

Attachment experiences

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency. c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal. d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal.

Ans: A

The first psychotherapy, which was also the most time-consuming and expensive, was: a. psychoanalysis b. psychodynamic therapy c. behavior therapy d. insight therapy

Ans: A

These therapists conduct therapy sessions much more like other modern therapists, but are rooted in psychoanalytic theory. a. psychodynamic therapists b. cognitive-behavior therapists c. rational-emotive therapists d. aversion therapists

Ans: A

To be aware of what is happening inside our bodies and to be able to process emotional experiences, what part of the brain provides a way to link body states to the expression and experience of emotions and behavior? A. Insula B. Cerebral Cortex C. Hypothalamus D. Anterior Cingulate

Ans: A

What area of the brain helps decide which emotional information to pay attention to and recruits other areas of the cortex to respond to emotions? A. anterior cingulate cortex B. HPA axis C. Hypothalamus D. Pre frontal cortex

Ans: A

What is the purpose of the HPA axis flooding the body with cortisol? A) To increase the possibility of survival B) To decrease the risk of physical health issues C) To improve the ability to think clearly D) To reduce the risk of risky behaviors

Ans: A

Which of the following areas of psychological research have recently jointed to provide support for Freud's theory of unconscious motivation? A. cognitive psychology and neuroscience B. clinical psychology and counseling psychology C. educational psychology and learning theory D. social psychology and neuroscience

Ans: A

You are assessing a child in your clinic and observing play time before the session. You note that the child is building a four-block tower and sorting the different color blocks into groups. Which state of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget, is this child in? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational

Ans: A

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the: a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. b. preoperational stage—ages 2-7 years. c. concrete operational stage—ages 7-12 years. d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.

Ans: A (Piaget's stage) It's the sensorimotor stage. If you missed this question take a break; you've probably been studying too long! After a little rest and relaxation, review questions 56 and 57. Incidentally, around the second month of age the child begins to smile in response to a face or a mask that resembles a face.

In psychoanalytic family therapy the term introjects really means that the client: a. unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves. b. possesses internal verbalizations. c. possesses a finite number of problem-solving options. d. possesses the internal motivation to solve his or her own difficulties.

Ans: A Eventually, these introjects (taking in personality attributes of others that become part of your own self-image) determine how the individual will relate to others. (a)

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called: a. counterbalancing. b. equilibration. c. balance theory. d. ABA design.

Ans: B

The anal retentive personality is: a. charitable. b. stingy. c. kind. d. thinks very little about money matters.

Ans: B

The patient should try and say everything that comes into his mind without self-control or censure , is a fundamental rule in A. Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy B. Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Interpersonal psychotherapy

Ans: B

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ________ is to Erikson. a. integrity versus despair b. Kohlberg c. trust versus mistrust d. play therapy

Ans: C The question matches Piaget's name to his first stage (i.e., sensorimotor) and Freud's name to his first stage (i.e., oral). Thus you will match Erikson's name to his first stage, which is trust versus mistrust.

What is dissociative memory networks of fear?

deficits in affect regulation, attachment, and executive functioning

What is the cause of the de-realization and depersonalization experiences?

diminished communication between the hemispheres

The ________ mediates defensive states.

dorsal vagal shutdown

The insula, the OMPFC, and the anterior cingulate integrate information from the amygdala and provide a means to reflect on _______ _______.

emotional experiences

The cerebellum is thought to process _____________ memory

implicit (somatic memories, motor memories, emotional memories)

Trauma survivors have decreased activity in the ______ of the brain, which is our expressive speech area, when reminiscing about their terrifying experiences.

left hemisphere

Trauma survivors have decreased activity in the ________________ area of the brain.

left hemisphere

_______ _______ are thought to play a key role in perceiving intentions.

mirror neurons

The __________ hemisphere is dominant for perception of nonverbal emotional expressions, nonverbal communication, processing bodily based visceral stimuli, implicit learning, and affect regulation.

right

The __________ hemisphere of the brain represents the unconscious and is the psychobiological core of the self.

right

The __________ side of the brain continues to develop and be affected by close relationships throughout life.

right

What hemisphere of the brain is the dominant for perception of nonverbal emotional expression?

right

The _____________ represents the unconscious and is the psychobiological core of the self.

right hemisphere

The anterior cingulate is particularly sensitive to what type of interactions?

social

What is an essential element of the change process of psychotherapy?

therapeutic alliance

What is the neurobiological focus of psychotherapy?

to restructure the subcortical limbic system

The _________ mediates openness to others and social engagement

ventral vagus

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be: a. considered an oral character. b. considered an anal character. c. considered a genital character. d. fixated at the latency stage.

Ans: A Here is where good old common sense comes in handy. The oral region of the body (i.e., the mouth) would be the portion of the body most closely related to smoking and alcoholism.

In a patient with PTSD you would expect to see a decrease in the volume of the ___________ of the brain. A. Cerebellum B. Hypothalamus C. Anterior cingulate

Ans: C

The ________ is the thinking part of the brain. A. Cerebral cortex B. Prefrontal cortex C. Amygdala D. Hippocampus

Ans: A

The aim of Kleinian therapy is to: A. mitigate the harshness of internalized objects B. uncover repressed sexual feelings towards one's parents C. resolve the Oedipus complex D. enhance feelings of self-esteem and self-worth

Ans: A

An individual is experiencing problems with memory. Which of these structures are most likely to be involved in this deficit? A. Amygdala B. Occipital Lobe C. Basal ganglia

Ans: A

Freud felt morality developed from the: a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. eros.

Ans: A

Freud's psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones: A. sex and aggression B. security and sex C. sex and hunger D. security and safety

Ans: A

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to: a. volume or mass b. defenses of the ego c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage d. a specific psychosexual stage of life

Ans: A

The _______ triggers REM sleep, and the __________ of the ______ results in better sleep because the fear systems are inactivated.

Amygdala; down-regulation; amygdala

A patient has fear as well as increased heart rate and blood pressure. The nurse suspects increased activity of which neurotransmitter? A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine D. Histamine

And: B

A lack of early attunement because of abuse or trauma can compromise the function of the __________ and __________. A. hippocampus and amygdala B. cerebral cortex and anterior cingulate C. hippocampus and anterior cingulate D. Cerebral cortex and amygdala

Ans. A

What is the stress-response system called that is initiated by an actual or perceived threat? A. anterior cingulate B. neurotic defenses C. HPA axis D. mature defenses

Ans:

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of: a. egocentrism b. conservation c. centration d. abstract thought

Ans: A Expect to see a question on the test like this one and you can't go wrong. This is the typical or prototype question you will come across in order to ascertain whether you are familiar with the Piagetian concept of egocentrism. By egocentrism, Piaget was not really implying the child is self-centered. Instead, egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else. Choice "d" mentions abstract thought, which does not occur until Piaget's final or fourth stage known as formal operations.

During the first few months of life, an infant experiences both a good breast (one that offers nourishment and contentment) and a bad breast (one that frustrates the infant) A. True B. False

Ans: A Feedback: Projective identification is a means of reducing anxiety by splitting off unacceptable parts of one's self and projecting them onto another object, and then introjecting them back into the self in a disguised form.

The fear of death: a. is greatest during middle age. b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon. c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years. d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.

Ans: A In Erikson's stages the individual would accept the finality of life better during the final ego identity versus despair stage rather than in the middle-age years.

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean: a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. b. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes. c. a and b. d. a theory proposed by B. F. Skinner's colleagues.

Ans: A In this question the word nature refers to heredity and genetic makeup, while nurture refers to the environment. The age-old argument is whether heredity or environment has the greatest impact on the person's development. This is the old nature versus nurture or heredity versus environment controversy. Today theorists shy away from an extremist position and admit that both factors play a major role. Just for the record, choice "d" mentioned B. F. Skinner, who was the prime mover in the behavioristic psychology movement. Behaviorists, like Skinner, tend to emphasize the power of environment. Today, clinical applications of Skinnerian principles (and those set forth by other prominent behaviorists) are called ABA or applied behavior analysis. (a)

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the: a. sensorimotor stage. b. formal operational stage. c. preoperational stage. d. acquisition of conservation.

Ans: A It would make sense that the child would use reflexes in the first stage, which is termed sensorimotor intelligence. Piaget has said that the term practical intelligence captures the gist of this stage. Piaget emphasized the concept of "object permanence" here. A child who is beyond approximately 8 months of age will search for an object that is no longer in sight (e.g., hidden behind a parent's back or under a blanket). The child learns that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them.

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? a. Generativity versus stagnation. b. Integrity versus despair. c. a and b. d. Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues.

Ans: A Most theorists believe that the midlife crisis occurs between ages 35 and 45 for men and about five years earlier for women, when the individual realizes his or her life is half over. Persons often need to face the fact that they have not achieved their goals or aspirations. Incidentally, the word generativity refers to the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one's self and being concerned with other people. Some exams may refer to this stage as "generativity versus self-absorption."

Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girlfriend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be: a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that." b. a counselor who remarks, "Can you tell me about it in the present moment, as if she is yelling at you this very minute?" c. a counselor who remarks, "You are upset by her verbal assaults." d. a counselor who remarks, "Are you really hurt by your girlfriend's remarks or is it the fact that you are telling yourself how catastrophic it is that she said these things?"

Ans: A Reframing occurs when you redefine a situation in a positive context (i.e., make the situation or behavior seem acceptable to the client). The situation is described in a positive light to evoke a different emotional response. Choice "c" is a technique used by Rogerian therapists while choice "d" would be a common response for an REBT family therapist. (a)

Which theorist's key concepts are that a stimulus leads to a behavior which then leads to a consequence? A. Skinner B. Pavlov C. Piaget D. Freud

Ans: A Skinner's basic concept of operant conditioning states that a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicits a response, and the response is then reinforced and is ultimately what conditions our behaviors. ***operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence

Dream work in psychoanalysis is directed at interpreting the client's dream content based on: a. the patient's memory of the actual dream content b. the patient's free associations to the dream material c. the unconscious process of developing a dream d. the daily events that trigger daydreaming

Ans: B

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: a. id, ego, and superego. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego. d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.

Ans: B

In order to either change or reinforce certain behaviorisms a therapist utilizing ABA therapy must first implement which of the following? A. CBT B. Behavioral analysis C. Therapeutic communication D. Debriefing

Ans: B

In which stage of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget, would a child be considered most vulnerable during a major stressful life event such as the death of a parent? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational

Ans: B

Introjection allows infants to keep apart the good and bad aspects of themselves or of external objects. A. True B. False

Ans: B

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels: a. the burden of senile psychosis. b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage. c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities. d. the burden of generalized anxiety disorder as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Ans: B According to Erikson, successful resolution of the integrity versus despair stage results in the belief that one's life served a purpose. Choice "a" introduces the term senile psychosis, which is decidedly incorrect but a relevant term nevertheless. The word psychosis refers to a break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. In senile psychosis this condition is brought on via old age. At times, the term will be used in a looser sense to imply a loss of memory. Choice "d" throws out two other "must-know" new terms. In counseling, anxiety (or generalized anxiety) refers to fear, dread, or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling. Anxiety is in contrast to a phobia, in which the client can pinpoint the cause or source of fear (e.g., riding an elevator). The DSM is a manual used to classify and label mental disorders so that all mental health practitioners will mean roughly the same thing (i.e., regarding symptomatology, etc.) when they classify a client. The branch of medicine which concerns itself with the classification of disease is known as "nosology." Thus counselors use the DSM as their primary nosological guide.

The term identity crisis comes from the work of: a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients b. Erikson c. Adler d. Jung

Ans: B Erik Erikson (b) felt that, in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles. Choice "c" refers to another name you should know, Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex.

Trust versus mistrust is: a. an Adlerian notion of morality b. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development c. essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg

Ans: B Erik Erikson proposed eight stages in the formation of the ego identity and this is the first. This stage corresponds to Freud's initial oral-sensory stage (birth to approximately 1 year). Each of Erikson's stages is described using bipolar or opposing tendencies.

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ________ a given psychosexual stage. a. skip b. become fixated at c. ignore d. a and c

Ans: B Here is a must-know term for any major exam. In psychoanalytic theory the word fixation implies that the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. The person literally becomes stuck (or fixated) in a stage where he or she feels safe. Therefore, when life becomes too traumatic, emotional development can come to a screeching halt, although physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace.

Freud and Erikson: a. could be classified as behaviorists b. could be classified as maturationists c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual d. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement

Ans: B In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. In addition, the theory suggests that the individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives. The client's childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics. In reference to choice "d" DBT focuses heavily on mindfulness (being aware of your own state of mind and the environment) and was created by Marsha M. Linehan and is useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide. It is also useful with substance abuse issues.

Which theorist's key concepts is that you learn to associate two different stimuli to create a response? A. Skinner B. Pavlov C. Piaget D. Freud

Ans: B Pavlov's basic concept of classical conditioning is that there is no behavior involved. The 1st stimulus that you encounter is the UCS. The UCS then produces a response without any previous learning becoming a CR.

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as: a. formal operations—12 years and older b. concrete operations—ages 7-11 years c. preoperations—ages 2-7 years d. sensorimotor intelligence- birth to 2 years

Ans: B Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a "c" and so does concrete operations. The other three stages proposed by Jean Piaget do not begin with a "c."

A patient has disorganized thinking associated with schizophrenia. Neuroimaging would likely show dysfunction in which part of the brain? A. Hippocampus B. Frontal lobe C. Cerebellum D. Brainstem

Ans: B The frontal lobe is responsible for intellectual functioning. The hippocampus is involved in emotions and learning. The cerebellum regulates skeletal muscle coordination and equilibrium. The brainstem regulates internal organs.

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered: a. symbolic schema b. conservation c. androgynous psychosocial issues d. trust versus mistrust

Ans: B This is a must-know principle for any major test in counseling! In Piaget's theory the term conservation refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters conservation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stage (ages 7-11 years). Now here is a super memory device. Both conservation and the ability to count mentally (i.e., without matching something up to something else physically) both occur in the concrete operational thought stage. Fortunately, conservation, counting, and concrete operations all start with a "c." How convenient!

In psychoanalytic family therapy the word object means: a. a dream. b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond. c. transference. d. countertransference.

Ans: B This is the notion that an individual (or the individual's ego) attempts to establish a relationship with an object—often a person or a part of the body—to satisfy needs. When this does not occur anxiety is manifested.

What kind of conditioning associates a voluntary behavior with a positive reinforcement while negative enforcement decreases behavior? A. behavioral B. operant C. classical

Ans: B. operant

A 22 y/o F with a hx of depression and anxiety presents requesting an evaluation for ADHD. She reported difficulty with concentration her entire life, and recalls this negatively affecting her grades starting in 2nd grade at the age of eight. She denies ever having received a formal diagnosis or treatment for ADHD and became tearful, stating "When I struggled as a kid, my mom just told me to study more. I really could have used help then. I feel like I have to work twice as hard as everyone else in my class, only to get worse grades. Graduating college is starting to feel impossible." Based on Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, which intrapsychic conflict and subsequent maldevelopment is most applicable? A. Generativity vs stagnation B. Autonomy vs self doubt C. Industry vs inferiority D. Trust vs mistrust

Ans: C

A healthcare system is working to implement the trauma informed care approach. Which of the following is not one of the 5 key principles of trauma informed care? A. Cultural, historical, and gender issues B. Collaboration and mutuality C. Assessing for ACE scores D. Trustworthiness and transparency

Ans: C

Most psychologists agree that this therapy is the best choice for treating depression, though it is not necessarily more effective than other approaches. a. aversion therapy b. behavior therapy c. cognitive-behavior therapy d. insight therapy

Ans: C

Piaget is: a. a maturationist. b. a behaviorist. c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. d. cognitive-behavioral.

Ans: C

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage: a. abstract thinking emerges. b. problems can be solved using deduction. c. a and b. d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless.

Ans: C

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is: a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages. b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35-60 years. c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23-34 years. d. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention.

Ans: C

What is the primary hormone released by the adrenal glands in a state of ongoing trauma? A) Testosterone B) Adrenaline C) Cortisol D) Estrogen

Ans: C

Which type of response must be paired with a conditioned stimulus in order to be considered classical conditioning? A. conditioned response B. irrational fear C. unconditioned response D. anxiety

Ans: C

What effect does the overproduction of cortisol have on the body? A) It increases the risk of physical health issues B) It increases the ability to think clearly C) It increases the risk of risky behaviors D) It improves the ability to manage feelings

Ans: C when trauma is ongoing, such as chronic abuse or neglect in childhood, the HPA axis continues to flood the body with the stress hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands (producer of several key hormones). This overproduction creates a state of toxic stress within the body that changes the physical structure and function of the amygdalae, hippocampi and PFC. Although the brain's intention is to promote a higher possibility of survival through a state of constant vigilance, other capacities are compromised, such as thinking clearly and managing feelings. The high levels of cortisol, and inability to emotionally regulate heighten the probability of the youth engaging in risky behaviors and of the onset of physical health issues

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to: a. Jung's concepts of anima, animus. b. Freud's wish fulfillment. c. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years. d. ego identity.

Ans: C Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies. Choice "a" mentions two concepts of the Swiss psychiatrist C. G. Jung, the father of analytic psychology. The anima represents the female characteristics of the personality while the animus represents the male characteristics. (Two super memory devices are that men generally have muscles [ani"mus"] and ma means mother, who is female [ani"ma"].) Jung calls the anima and the animus "archetypes," which are inherited unconscious factors. Choice "b," wish fulfillment, is a Freudian notion that dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments. The term ego identity, used in choice "d," is most often associated with Erikson's fifth stage: identity versus role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all of his or her previous roles into a single self-concept, the person has achieved ego identity. An inability to accomplish this task results in role confusion, which is known as an identity crisis.

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor: a. in the preconscious mind. b. in the mind of the child in latency. c. which evolves primarily during the oral age. d. a and b.

Ans: C Choice "c" would make sense from a logical standpoint, because the oral stage is the first Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs while the child is still an infant (i.e., the stage goes from birth to 1 year). As mentioned earlier, attachments in human as well as animal studies indicate that the bonding process takes place early in life.

A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. This is an example of: a. positive transference. b. negative transference. c. countertransference. d. ambivalent transference.

Ans: C Countertransference occurs when a counselor has an unresolved issue that impacts treatment. A strict psychodynamic theorist would assert that the counselor has an unconscious reaction to the family or to the 72-year-old woman that is similar to a reaction he or she experienced in a previous situation; often his or her own childhood. (c)

Piaget's preoperational stage: a. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning. b. includes mastering conservation. c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. d. all of the above.

Ans: C Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur. A milk carton can easily become a spaceship or a pie plate can become the steering wheel of an automobile. The preoperational stage occurs from ages 2 to 7 years. If you erroneously felt any of the other choices were correct review all the previous questions related to Piagetian theory.

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client: a. has "learned helplessness" syndrome. b. suffers from a phobia. c. suffers from fixation. d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon.

Ans: C This is primarily an analytic concept. Sigmund Freud felt that frustration and anxiety are normal when passing through a developmental stage, but when they become too powerful emotional growth will literally stop and the person becomes stuck (fixated) in the current stage. Learned helplessness in choice "a" connotes a pattern in which a person is exposed to situations that he or she is truly powerless to change and then begins to believe he or she has no control over the environment. Such a person can become easily depressed. This concept is generally associated with the work of positive psychology pioneer Martin E. P. Seligman, who experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs via giving them electric shocks while placed in a harness. These dogs—unlike untrained dogs—did not even try to escape the painful shocks when the harnesses were removed. Choice "b" is phobia, which is a known persistent fear, such as a fear of furry animals or flying in an airplane. Key exam hint: In counseling, a phobia is often distinguished from anxiety. In an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear. The final choice, risky shift phenomenon, describes the fact that a group decision is typically more liberal than the average decision of an individual group member prior to participation in the group. Simply put, the individual's initial stance will generally be more conservative than the group's decision.

According to John Bowlby, both humans and other primates experience separation anxiety. The stage unique to humans is the ______________ stage. A. protest B. attachment C. despair D. detachment

Ans: D

After successful psychoanalytic treatment: A. neurotic symptoms are repressed B. psychic energy strengthens the superego C. positive transference toward the analyst increases D. the ego is expanded with previously repressed material

Ans: D

Freud's concept of humanity can be described as: A. purposive and optimistic B. deterministic and optimistic C. goal directed and purposive D. deterministic and pessimistic

Ans: D

The ________ mediates the interaction between attention and arousal A. Hypothalamus B. Cerebellum C. Frontal lobe D. Thalamus

Ans: D

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to: A. bring about self-actualization B. eliminate all neurotic symptoms C. uncover archetypes D. transform unconscious material into consciousness

Ans: D

Which is NOT true about psychoanalytic psychotherapy? A. Long-term duration B. Focused on past C. Insight-oriented D. Emphasize modeling and operant conditioning E. Consider disorders as arising from unresolved conflicts

Ans: D

Which part of the brain organizes experiences and controls how we interact with the outside world, is regarded as the portion thinking of the brain? A. Hypothalamus B. Anterior Cingulate C. Insula D. Cerebral Cortex

Ans: D

You are teaching a class on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Which statement from your students below demonstrates the need for further education? A. Experiencing someone in your household suffer with depression within the first 18 years of your life would be considered an ACE. B. ACEs have been shown to lead to health problems including cancer and cardiovascular disease. C. A 10-question assessment tool can be used to calculate one's ACE score. D. ACEs only affect the brain. They have no effect on chromosomes.

Ans: D

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered: a. object permanence. b. reflexive response. c. representational thought. d. a and c.

Ans: D (Piaget's stage) The child who has not mastered object permanence is still a victim of "out of sight, out of mind." The child, needless to say, needs representational thought to master object permanence, which is also called object constancy. During this initial stage the child learns the concept of time (i.e., that one event takes place before or after another) and causality (e.g., that a hand can move an object).

Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to: a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family. b. the opposite of stagnation. c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. d. all of the above.

Ans: D Choice "d" gives you a thumbnail sketch of Erikson's seventh (or second-to-last) stage. A person who does not master this stage well becomes self-centered; hence, you also will see the stage termed "generativity versus self-absorption." A nice memory device here is that "generativity" sounds like "generation" and a successful individual in this stage plans for the next generation.

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests: a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift b. the child is ambidextrous c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Ans: D Choice "d" is the definition of reversibility. The word ambidextrous, in choice "b," refers to an individual's ability to use both hands equally well to perform tasks

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage: a. generativity versus stagnation b. initiative versus guilt c. identity crisis of the later years d. integrity versus despair

Ans: D Each stage is seen as a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Erik Erikson did not imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails. Instead, he says that the individual leans toward a given alternative (e.g., integrity or despair). The final stage begins at about age 60. An individual who has successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile.

Margaret Mahler believed that when infants realize that they cannot satisfy their own basic needs, they: A. merge their geo with their superego B. reject those needs and introject a new set of learned needs C. become autistic D. seek a symbiotic relationship with their mother

Ans: D Feedback: During the first few months of life, an infant experiences both a good breast (one that offers nourishment and contentment) and a bad breast (one that frustrates the infant).

The ___________ helps decide which emotional information to pay attention to and recruits other areas of the cortex to respond to emotions.

anterior cingulate cortex

Following exposure to violence and trauma, the parasympathetic nervous system triggers a hypoaroused state with dysregulation of the ______________ resulting in dissociation.

HPA axis

____________ defenses allow one to postpone immediate gratification, whereas __________ defenses are often found in adolescents and some non-psychotic patients

Mature; primitive

Highly emotionally arousing memories are mediated by the ___________.

amygdala

The _____________ is especially sensitive to social interactions and plays a crucial role in coordinating perceptions with memory and behavior

anterior cingulate