8
Put the following events associated with thyroid hormone production and release in the correct sequential order. Metabolism is regulated. Iodine is concentrated by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are produced. Iodine is combined with the amino acid tyrosine.
2, 4, 3, 1
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
ADH
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
GH (growth hormone)
luetinizing hormone
Gonadotropin responsible for ovulation; initiates ovulation
The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
Ovulation The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ovulation, which, on average, occurs on day 14 of the monthly cycle (28 days).
What is the most important hormone causing an increase in serum Ca2+?
PTH
What causes the LH surge that occurs during the late follicular phase?
Progesterone and high estrogen output stimulate GnRH release from the hypothalamus.
The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is
TSH
What would the levels of TRH be in a person that has Graves' disease? Why?
The levels of TRH should be low because thyroid hormone is on a negative feedback loop.
Steroid hormones are lipophilic. This allows which of the following?
They bind to intracellular receptors.
Dr. Spinks tests Professor Macgruder's blood for parathyroid hormone levels and finds that they are higher than normal. Can Dr. Spinks conclude hyperparathyroidism as a final diagnosis?
Yes; the definitive test is measuring hormone levels in the blood.
A friend of yours is working in a pharmaceutical development lab where they are working on a drug to cure Graves' disease. He poses the following four ideas listed below. Which would be the best solution?
a drug that breaks down the antibodies produced
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) targets
adrenal cortex
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Stress and ACTH are the main stimuli for cortisol.
The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.
aldosterone and cortisol
A true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis.
anterior pituitary
When an organ or gland shrinks due to lack of use, that condition is referred to as
atrophy
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
decreased insulin secretion
Which is the most accurate example of a primary endocrine pathology in the pathway controlling cortisol secretion?
dysfunction in the adrenal cortex
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
epinephrine
Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrium proliferation during the follicular phase?
estrogen
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
heart palpitations
If you were to sample the blood of someone with hyperparathyroidism, predict what the plasma levels of calcium would be when compared to someone with normal parathyroid function.
higher
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus ADH is synthesized mainly in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is stored in the posterior pituitary in axon terminals.
Which two organs of the body release hormones that lead to the release of thyroid hormone?
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
If TRH levels increase, what will directly happen to the levels of TSH and thyroid hormone?
increase, increase
Which is associated with hyperthyroidism?
irritability and weight loss
What is the primary stimulus for parathyroid hormone release and what is its function?
low levels of Ca2+ in the blood
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback negative feedback controls the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. If levels are high, negative feedback will decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to some degree), thus decreasing the thyroid hormones.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause an increase in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood pumped out during each heartbeat. This effect is enhanced when thyroid hormone (TH) is also present. TH has little effect on HR and SV alone. What is the effect of TH on HR and SV called?
permissiveness
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
Which of the following occurs during days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle?
proliferative phase
Which of the following occurs during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?
secretory phase
The term for two hormones that have additive effects is
synergists
mammary gland
targeted by oxytocin and prolactin
Follical Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
targets
muscles and bones
targets
What is the role of the hypothalamus with regard to hormone release and endocrine function?
to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary