8

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________. polarization effect actor-observer effect bystander effect recency effect

bystander effect

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________. self-serving bias actor-observer effect fundamental attribution error peripheral route error

self-serving bias

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive. True False

False

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions. True False

False

From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression? Unlike nonhumans, humans do not respond to physical reinforcements. Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior. Aggressive skills can be learned through repressed impulses. Aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively.

Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior.

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Altruism Hedonism Primacy Recency

Altruism

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation. True False

False

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship. infatuation passion commitment liking

commitment

What type of attributional style claims that people who are kind are just "nice" people all around? situational attributions dispositional attributions fundamental attribution actor-observer attribution

dispositional attributions

Altruism is a form of discrimination. True False

False

Asch's research was focused on studying obedience. True False

False

In the context of altruism, people who are apathetic are more likely to help people in need. True False

False

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that in the West, people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations. True False

False

Intergroup contact heightens awareness of individual variation, and this knowledge can lead us to abandon stereotypical thinking. True False

True

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend James fails to submit his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was too lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________. obedience to authority actor-observer effect foot-in-the-door technique bystander effect

actor-observer effect

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans? amygdala hippocampus cerebellum hypothalamus

hypothalamus

According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who __________. is not good-looking is from a different background does not hold a steady job is better educated and younger

is not good-looking

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of ____________. social comparison the fear appeal the foot-in-the-door technique social facilitation

the foot-in-the-door technique

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by __________. high self-esteem the pressure to conform decreased social shyness the lack of social comparison

the pressure to conform

In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of cognitive psychologists? Cognitive psychologists believe that aggression is a natural and instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life. Cognitive psychologists believe aggressive behavior is not influenced by choice. People decide whether they will lash out or not on the basis of their interpretation of the other person's motives. People who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who oppose aggression under all circumstances, are more likely to behave aggressively.

People decide whether they will lash out or not on the basis of their interpretation of the other person's motives.

In cognitive-dissonance theory, _________ is the tendency of people to seek explanations for their own behavior in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it. situational attribution attitude-discrepant behavior selective exposure effort justification

effort justification

Which of the following statements is true of aggression? Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals. Men have higher estrogen levels than women do and are also more aggressive than women, especially with male strangers. Unlike animals that solely depend on hormones, empathy is one of the major contributors in bringing about aggression in humans. In nonhumans, aggressive reactions are not automatic.

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

Even though the accident happened directly in front of the crowd, no one called the authorities. This is an example of the bystander effect. True False

True

In cultures that view the self as independent, people tend to make dispositional attributions. True False

True

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism. cognitive social emotional behavioral

cognitive