9.5 A Time of Crisis

The early English victories were in what cities?

1. Crecy 2. Poitiers 3. Agincourt

What were the causes of the Hundred Years War?

1. English rulers wanted the French lands of their Norman ancestors. 2. French rulers were intent on expanding their own power in France. 3. Edward III of England's claim to the French crown was what started the war between these two rival powers.

What social upheaval did the plague cause Europeans?

1. It brought terror to the people because they could not stop the plague. 2. Christians blamed the Jews for the deadly disease. 3. Some saw it as a punishment from God and they beat themselves to show God they repented their sins.

What were the effects of the Hundred Years War?

1. It set France and England on different paths. 2. French kings were able to grow their power within France.... a sense of national pride was growing. 3. English rulers soon began looking at new trade ventures overseas. 4. English Parliament won the 'power of the purse' over the King.

The plague created much social unrest. What social changes took place because of the plague?

1. Landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit wages. 2. Crops were replaced by sheep raising which forced workers to go into the towns for jobs and they were denied. 3.Explosive revolts were sparked because of the peasants couldn't get jobs.

What changes were brought about in the late Medieval world as a result of the Hundred Years War?

1. New weapons - the longbow and the cannon - gave common soldiers a new importance on the battlefield. 2. Castles and knights would disappear because their defenses could not stand up to these new weapons. 3. Feudal society changed - Monarch needed large armies, not feudal vassals to fight their wars.

What made this a time (1300s and early 1400s) of crisis for Europeans?

1. Plague 2. upheaval in the Church 3. War

What caused the schism in the Catholic Church?

1. The Church was not able to provide strong leadership during the plague crisis. 2. During this time, the Church had two and sometimes three POPES at the same time all claiming that they were the 'vicar of Christ'

What was the 'Black Death'?

1. The deadly BUBONIC PLAGUE that ravaged Italy, Spain, and France initially and then the rest of Europe after that. 2. 1 out of every 3 people died from this plague. More people died from the plague than they did from war.

What economic effects did the plague have on Europeans?

1. The economy sunk to an all time low - economy was very bad. 2. Survivors who were working demanded higher pay and wages. 3. Production of products and goods declined because people were dying.

Who was Jan Hus?

A Czech who helped spread Wycliffe's ideas that the Bible could be used as the Christians truth.... that people did not have to rely on the clergy to read it to them.... they could read it themselves.

What is an epidemic?

A rapid outbreak of disease that affects many people.

Who was John Wycliffe?

An English professor at Oxford University who insisted that the BIBLE not the CHURCH was the source of all Christian truth.

What made it difficult to stop the war once it started?

Economic rivalry and the sense of national pride made it difficult for either side to give up the struggle.

Who fought the Hundred Years' war?

France and England.

What is a schism?

It is a split in the Church.

What did the execution of Joan of Arc mean to the French?

It rallied them to fight even harder and they viewed her as a martyr... because she gave her life for what she believed in.

Who rallied the French forces to victory when they seemed all but defeated?

Joan of Arc - a 17 year old peasant woman who persuaded King Charles VII to let her lead his army against the English.

What happen to Joan of Arc?

She was captured by the English, tried for witchcraft and burned at the stake.

What ended the schism and this crisis?

The Church Council at Constance.

What equipment did the English use to overpower their French counterparts early on in the war?

The LONGBOW - English weapon was far mightier than the crossbow used by the French. The English archer could shoot 3 arrows to the French archer's one.

What was the effect of the plague on the Church?

The Late Middle ages brought: spiritual crisis; scandal; and division to the Roman Catholic Church.

What new weapon did the French use against the English?

The cannon. It helped them capture English held castles and to defeat the English army.

What is inflation?

The rising of prices for goods and services because demand is high and supply is low.

What did the Church do to Wycliffe and Hus?

They tried them for teaching heresy. Wycliffe was persecuted and Hus (and Hussites - his followers) were burned at the stake.