9th Grade Honors Biology - ATP

ATP is introduced as an energy currency. What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

aerobic

chemical reactions

change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds

What type of energy is used for ATP?

chemical energy

anaerobic

does not need oxygen to take place

Where does cellular respiration take place?

in the mitochondria

aerobic

needs oxygen to take place

cellular respiration

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

reactants

the substances changed during a chemical reaction

products

the substances made by a chemical reaction

What are some methods to making ATP?

- Cellular Respiration - Fermentation - Chemosynthesis

How is ATP used?

- Energy is released when the third phosphate group is removed. This happens because the bond is very unstable. - ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added (recharged) - The recharging process occurs in the mitochondria

As a nucleotide derivative, ATP has three major components. Label the following parts of ATP.

1. Base (adenine) 2. Sugar (ribose) 3. Phosphates (3 phosphates)

Where is ATP made?

ATP is made in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

- ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. - Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, converting it to ADP. - ADP gets "recharged" in the mitochondria and turns back into ATP. (A phosphate is added to ADP)

ATP/ADP Cycle:

How do carbon-based molecules store chemical energy?

All carbon-based molecules store chemical energy in their bonds.

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Break down sugars to produce ATP for cell activities

Which biomolecules are the most important energy sources?

Carbohydrates and lipids are the most important energy sources.

Which biomolecule is most commonly broken down to make ATP?

Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. - not stored in large amounts (used up first) - up to 38 ATP from one glucose molecule

Why do cells use chemical energy?

Cells use chemical energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

When does cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria ONLY when oxygen is present.

How do animals produce ATP?

During cellular respiration, animal cells break down the glucose they consume to make ATP.

How do plants produce ATP?

During photosynthesis, the plant cells break down glucose they made from photosynthesis to make ATP.

Which biomolecule stores the most energy?

Lipids, about 146 ATP from a triglyceride

Which type of biomolecule is ATP? Recall the biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Nucleic acid

Which biomolecule is least likely to be broken down to make ATP?

Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP as amino acids are not usually needed for energy (they are instead used for protein building).

ADP

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

ATP

a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes

Endergonic reaction

a reaction in which energy is absorbed, a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction, means that net change in free energy is positive (there is more energy in the system at the end of the reaction than at the start of it)

exergonic reaction

a reaction that releases free energy, a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative, indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperature are the same

enzyme

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction, also a type of protein, but not all proteins are enzymes