A and P 1 Final
Which structure prevents knee hyperextension?
ACL
What breaks the bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head?
ATP molecule binds to the myosin head
What process only occurs in a plasma membrane of a living cell?
Active transport
What is a motor unit?
All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber
Hypothesis
An educated guess
What structures are found within the spinal cord?
Anterior funiculus and lateral spinalthalamic tract
Which glands are inactive until puberty, produce a milky sweat that contains fatty acids, and responds to stress and sexual stimulation?
Apocrine glands
Where is CSF reabsorbed into the blood? (Hint: it projects into the space between the dural layers)
Arachnoid villi
Where is elastic cartilage found in the human body?
Ears and nose
Which monoamine neurotransmitter does an adrenergic synapse use that has an important role in your body's fight or flight response?
Epephrine
When the adrenal medulla is stimulated in response to stress, what hormones does it release?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the swellings of the clustered somas of neurons outside the central nervous system?
Ganglia
What two types of joints are found in the shoulder region?
Glenohumeral and acromioclavicular
What are the symptoms of meningitis? What is used to make a diagnosis?
Headache confusion and fatigue . Spinal tap
Which white blood cell is found in the dendritic cells of the epidermis that originates in the bone marrow and guards against pathogens?
LC
What is the name of the spaces found in the concentric lamellae? What do they contain?
Lacunae - canaliculi
Which vertebrae provide the largest ranges of motion in each of the 3 body planes?
Lumbar
What parts of the brainstem control respiration?
Medulla oblongata and nuclei in the pons
Which specialized cells within nervous tissue protect and assist neurons and function as "housekeepers" of the nervous system?
Microgilla
What makes the resting membrane potential slightly less negative than if the RMP was determined solely by potassium?
More cations leaving than entering
What beneficial adaptations occur following anaerobic resistance training?
Muscle size , lactic acid processing and myofibril size and number
What is the most abundant element found in the human body?
Oxygen
What links individual amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
What is involved in spinal gating of pain signals?
Posterior horn of the spinal cord
What is the name of the joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna?
Proximal radioulnar joint
What is the bony feature of the scapula that is the attachment site for the biceps brachii tendon?
Radial tuberosity
What type of contraction occurs when you hear a loud noise behind you, and you look back over your left shoulder?
Right sternocleidomastoid muscle
What is formed during fracture healing when cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue?
Soft callus
Which tracts of the spinal cord send feedback to the cerebellum from the muscles and joints?
Spinocerebellar
What is the most injured SITS muscle?
Supraspinatus
What is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex and is also the integration center of the autonomic nervous system?
Thalamus
What are the inactive and active forms of vitamin D after hydroxylation in the liver and kidney?
calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D).
What is the forerunner of most bones, and covers many joint surfaces of mature bone?
cartilage
What is the simplest structure considered to be alive?
cell
What is the seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions?
cerebrum
What stimulates olfaction?
chemoreceptors
When a skeletal muscle lengthens, what helps it resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle?
collagen
Which tissue has more matrix than cells? Hint: some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.
connective tissue
What is the crossed-extension reflex?
contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn
Which nerve does most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in?
Vagus
In an excitatory cholineragic synapse, the AP depolarizes at the axon terminal, opening what channels to trigger exocytosis of acetylcholine?
Voltage gated Na channels
What mediates emotions and projections to the prefrontal cortex that allows us to decide how we will respond emotionally?
amygdala
What is the most common form of shoulder dislocation?
anterior dislocation
What equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?
auditory tube
Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
autonomic
Which stretch receptors in the walls of the arteries trigger a reflex that causes the heart rate to decrease?
barorecepters
Why does resting membrane potential (RMP) exist?
because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a resting neuron if the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked?
become more positive
What is highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances but can be an obstacle for delivering medications to the brain?
blood brain barrier
During exercise when your muscles produce lactate, how does the body maintain a constant blood pH?
buffers
What is the "rooflike" structure that is posterior to the cerebral aqueduct and has four bulges that are involved in visual tracking and reflexes as well as the processing of auditory signals and reflexes?
corpora quadrimenia
What supplies ATP for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity?
creatine phosphate
Which cell type is only located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum granulosum?
dendritic cells
Tendons are composed of ______ connective tissue.
dense regular
What are important to the chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical excitability of nerve and muscle?
electrolytes
What is the attachment site for the nuchal ligament?
external occipital protein
What produces the collagen of areolar tissue?
fibroblasts
What is a substance that is capable of dissolving freely in water?
hydrophilic
Which channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane?
voltage-gated ion channels
When & how does transcription occur? (hint: DNA & RNA)
when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene
What is the layer of skin that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and is the common site for drug injections due to its vascularity?
hypodermis
What part of the diencephalon senses dehydration and regulates the sleep-wake cycle and body temperature?
hypothalamus
What is the synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem that determines whether afferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles?
integrating center
What type of neuron comprises 90% of the neurons in the nervous system?
interneurons
What is the name of the dense fibrous connective tissue membrane that forms the ligament found between the radius & ulna and tibia & fibula?
interosseous membrane
What bony structure of the humerus holds the biceps tendon?
intertubercular sulcus
What is the name of the fibrocartilage that provides shock absorption, lubrication, and nutrition to the knee joint?
meniscus
What are the air-filed holes in the skull that act as chambers and add resonance to the voice?
paranasal sinuses
What are the 3 hormones that regulate calcium exchanges between blood and bone?
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (Vitamin D3), and calcitonin.
What is the study of the mechanism of disease?
pathophysiology
What is the delicate membrane that follows the contours of the spinal cord, continues inferiorly as fibrous terminal filum, fuses with the dura, and forms the coccygeal ligament?
pia mater
What is spatial summation?
postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time but in different areas
Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Which tissue is multilayered with nuclei at several layers, contains cilia, and goblet cells, and is found in the respiratory tract?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What action does the stretch reflex require to prevent an antagonistic muscle from interfering with the agonist?
reciprocal inhibition
What is the most abundant formed element in the blood?
red blood cells
How does the skeletal system help maintain acid-base balance?
regulating the level of calcium and other minerals in the blood by storing or releasing them from bones as needed.
Which connective tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts, forms a supportive stroma (framework) in lymphatic organs, and can be found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow?
reticular tissue
What type of joint is biaxial and exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into the concave depression on the other?
saddle joint
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
sartorius muscle
How do you identify squamous cell carcinoma?
scaly red patches, open sores, rough, thickened or wart-like skin, or raised growths with a central depression.
What is the function of dietary antioxidants?
scavenge free radicals from the body cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation
Which tissue permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes a serous fluid and is located in the alveoli of the lungs and glomeruli of the kidneys?
simple squamous epithelium
What establishes the resting membrane potential?
sodium potassium pump
brain freeze
sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia
What are the functions of the skeleton?
support, protection, movement
Which joints are cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
What is the name of the cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together?
synchondrosis
What is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid and has a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites?
synovial fluid
Which cells are associated with the sense of touch?
tactile cells
What can increase the rate of a reaction in the human body?
temperature, concentration and pressure, and the presence or absence of a catalyst.
What structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated?
troponin
What part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear cavities, the receptors for hearing and balance, and the internal auditory meatus?
tympanic membrane
Which autonomic reflex is not controlled by the spinal cord?
vasoconstriction
What type of reflex occurs when body temperature increases, and thermoreceptors are stimulated sending nerve signals to the CNS and motor signals to the sweat glands to reduce body temperature?
visceral reflex
What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?
-Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen -Provide source of energy -Yield 4 kilocalories/gram -Include monosaccharides, disaccharides & complex polysaccharides
How many skull bones are there? How many phalanges? (Adult body)
22 in skull 56 phalanges
How many liters of blood does the muscular system utilize per minute during intense exercise?
27 L
When a hormone cannot enter a cell, it activates the formation of a/an _____ inside the cell.
2nd messenger
What beneficial adaptations occur during a lengthy aerobic training program?
Blood volume and erythrocyte cell count and reduced fatigue and mitochondrial density
What are examples of negative feedback in the human body?
Body temperature regulation
Where are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor stem cells found?
Bone marrow
What neurotransmitter does the ANS use in the synapse between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart?
acetylcholine
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?
Calcium
What is the inorganic matter of osseous tissue matrix composed of?
Calcium phosphate
The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?
Cervical, lumbar, sacral
What happens to the covalent bonds in an exchange reaction?
The electrons are shared.
What are examples of oxidation?
a browning banana, an apple browning, the Statue of LIberty changing color, rusting of metal
What qualities do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) give to the ground substance in tissue?
a gel like texture
What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint?
first class lever
What is the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body?
glycogen
What cells found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes?
goblet
What is the molecule that unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule?
helicase
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
mechanical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradient, communication, cell signaling
What type of receptor are most encapsulated nerve endings?
mechanoreceptors
DNA is the polymer of what and what does it consist of?
nucleotides consisting of a nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group
Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
oligodendrocytes
Which bone cell secretes the hormone osteocalcin and stimulates insulin secretion increasing insulin sensitivity in adipocytes limiting the growth of adipose tissue?
osteoblasts
What are the bone dissolving cells on the bone surfaces called?
osteoclasts
What type of junctions does the blood-CSF barrier utilize between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries to form tight junctions between ependymal cells?
tight junctions
What are the functions of myelin?
to protect, insulate the fibers and speed up the conduction of nerve impulses.
Where are the trusses and arches found that help form the internal scaffolding networking of bone?
trabecular bone