A & P 1- PRT 3 OF EXAM 4 REVIEW
How many motor neurons are needed to carry an action potential from the spinal cord to smooth muscles in the wall of the intestine?
2
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
A decrease in heart rate
The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is __________.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Why are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation short lived?
Acetylcholine is quickly destroyed.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?
All of the neurotransmitters found in the brain are found in the ENS.
Stimulation of which receptor brings about contraction of the smooth muscle in vascular smooth muscle?
Alpha-1
What is the name for a network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Autonomic plexus
Stimulation of which receptor causes dilation of the airways?
Beta-2
What is the meaning of "dual innervation"?
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions stimulate the same organ.
Chemoreceptors of the carotid bodies function via which cranial nerve to trigger reflexive adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity?
CN IX
Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?
CN X
Which higher brain region is not involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system?
Cerebellum
Which ganglia are part of the sympathetic division and are located anterior to the vertebral bodies?
Collateral ganglia
Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation?
Constriction of airways
The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions?
Controlling respiratory functions during times of rest as well as times of activity
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?
Controls skeletal muscle
How would the stimulation of muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle affect the heart?
Decreased heart rate
If the doctor prescribed a different drug that blocked all alpha receptors, what additional side effect might Lisa experience?
Increased digestive activity
Which of the following is NOT a response to increased levels of sympathetic activity?
Increased digestive and urinary functions
Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic stimulation?
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Increases activity of the digestive tract
What would happen to a cell exposed to the toxins in tobacco smoke if it had the right receptors to respond?
Ion channels would open.
Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?
It allows for an increase or decrease of activity, thus providing a greater amount of control.
Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?
It carries impulses away from the ganglion.
Which of the following is NOT true of the cardioacceleratory reflex?
It is a short reflex.
Which side effect below is most likely to result when taking Prazosin?
Low heart rate
Which of the following is not a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues
What are the receptors found at neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division?
Muscarinic receptors
What are the receptors that are found on all ganglionic cells of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Nicotinic receptors
Which is correct regarding neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic division?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine interact with adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane.
Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?
Parasympathetic stimulation causes an increase in nutrient content in the blood.
What are the nerves that carry sacral parasympathetic output to the bladder, terminal parts of the large intestine, and the sex organs?
Pelvic nerves
What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?
Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long.
Which organs are NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscles
Which division of the nervous system "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Which statement is true regarding the ANS?
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the hypothalamus.
Which is a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
The location of PNS ganglia is typically intramural.
How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?
The medication blocks the beta-1 receptors in the heart from stimulating an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions.
Based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The origin of preganglionic fibers
Lisa is most likely suffering from hyperactivity in
The sympathetic division of her ANS
Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestine?
The vagus nerve
Which of the following is a characteristic of chemoreceptors of the aortic bodies?
They are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood.
Which of the following statements about long reflexes is FALSE?
They bypass the central nervous system (CNS).
Which of the following applies to short reflexes?
They involve sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located within autonomic ganglia.
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?
acetylcholine
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
adrenal glands.
Activation of adenylate cyclase is a mechanism of which membrane receptor?
adrenergic beta receptor
Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called
adrenergic.
Which of the following receptor types would respond most strongly to norepinephrine?
alpha receptors
Visceral reflexes __________.
are all polysynaptic and can be either short or long
Chemoreceptors __________.
are present in the carotid bodies
Visceral reflexes provide __________.
automatic motor responses
Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction is a response in which visceral reflex?
baroreceptor reflex
Which of the following sympathetic receptors causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction and an increase in metabolic activity?
beta-1
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.
beta-1 adrenergic
The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually __________.
brief in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites
Parasympathetic innervation of the lungs is via the:
cardiac plexuses.
A sudden decline in blood pressure in the carotid artery is a stimulus for which visceral reflex?
cardioacceleratory reflex
Which of the following is a sympathetic collateral ganglion?
celiac ganglion
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the __________.
celiac plexus
Which autonomic plexus is found immediately inferior to the diaphragm?
celiac plexus
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.
chain
Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?
chain ganglia
The intrinsic eye muscles are the target organs of neurons from which parasympathetic ganglion?
ciliary ganglion
Which of the following is an effect of parasympathetic activation?
constriction of the pupils
Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex?
defecation reflex
Functionally, what is the sympathetic effect on the liver?
glucose synthesis and release
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in
inactivation of G proteins
Which of the following might result from activation of a beta receptor?
increased heart rate
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?
increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
Activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS results in __________.
increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract
Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________.
inside the tissues of visceral organs
The processing center of a visceral reflex is the __________.
interneuron
Visceral organs of the neck, thoracic cavity, and most of the abdominal cavity are target organs of which parasympathetic ganglia?
intramural ganglia
What is the term for parasympathetic ganglia that are embedded in the tissues of the target organ?
intramural ganglia
In the parasympathetic division, postganglionic neurons originate in __________.
intramural ganglia or ganglia associated with the target organs
Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to __________.
keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles
Regarding ANS motor control, which CNS structure(s) is/are involved in emotions, memory, and behavior?
limbic system
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS:
may work together, each controlling a stage of a complex process.
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
muscarinic cholinergic
Activated nicotinic receptors __________.
open chemically-gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane
In organs that receive dual innervation from the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, the two divisions produce __________.
opposing effects
Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or by the nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?
parasympathetic division
Regarding the dual autonomic innervation of the heart, __________.
parasympathetic effects predominate at rest
When comparing the SNS and ANS, which of the following are unique to the ANS?
preganglionic neurons
The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?
redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy
The LOWEST level of integration in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of __________.
regulatory centers in the brain stem that control the viscera
Which is a sympathetic effect on the neurohypophysis?
secretion of ADH
In the sympathetic division of the ANS, the superior mesenteric ganglion innervates the __________.
small intestine
Neurons controlling sympathetic visceral reflexes are present in (the):
spinal cord (T1-L2)
Nuclei in which structure(s) control basic visceral reflex patterns?
spinal cord and brain stem
Which of the following is NOT a region where parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are found?
spinal cord segment T4
Which of the following is an effect of sympathetic activation?
stimulation of the medial and lateral pathways associated with a general elevation in muscle tone
What is the name of the endocrine gland that is innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and is a modified sympathetic ganglion?
suprarenal gland
During a crisis, the event necessary for an individual to be able to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called __________.
sympathetic activation
What is the term for the chain of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system that lies right outside the vertebral column?
sympathetic chain ganglia