A & P Chapter 12

24) The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.

horns

35) The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) nerve tracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) neuron cell bodies. E) cerebrospinal fluid.

Neuron cell bodies

72) In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? A) cranial B) cervical C) brachial D) lumbar E) sacral

brachial

78) In a ________ neuronal pool, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons. A) parallel processing B) reverberating C) converging D) diverging E) serial processing

diverging

18) The subdural space lies between the A) arachnoid mater and the pia mater. B) pia mater and the dura mater. C) dura mater and the arachnoid mater. D) pia mater and the subarachnoid space. E) endosteum and the periosteum.

dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

14) The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A) arachnoid mater. B) pia mater. C) dura mater. D) epidural space. E) periosteum.

dura mater.

45) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the A) endoneurium. B) perineurium. C) epineurium. D) metaneurium. E) subneurium.

endoneurium

20) The ________ space separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal. A) subpial B) subarachnoid C) epidural D) epiarachnoid E) subdural

epidural

42) The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the A) endoneurium. B) endomysium. C) perineurium. D) epineurium. E) epimysium.

epineurium

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

column

17) The epidural space contains A) cerebrospinal fluid. B) lymph. C) blood. D) connective tissue and blood vessels. E) denticulate ligaments.

connective tissue and blood vessels.

15) The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A) dura mater. B) subarachnoid space. C) arachnoid mater. D) pia mater. E) choroid plexus.

pia mater.

66) The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) A) dermatome. B) autonomic nerve. C) lateral nerve. D) tract. E) plexus.

plexus

86) A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. A) sensory B) motor C) polysynaptic D) monosynaptic E) integrative

polysynaptic

54) The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. A) white ramus communicans B) gray ramus communicans C) posterior ramus D) anterior ramus E) dermatome

posterior ramus

Figure 12-1 Identify the structure labeled "1."

posterior white column

Figure 12-2 Identify the structure labeled "5."

rami communicantes

95) Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A) a crossed extensor reflex. B) a stretch reflex. C) a tendon reflex. D) reciprocal inhibition. E) reverberating circuits.

reciprocal inhibition.

79) In ________, axon collaterals extend back toward the source of the impulse and further stimulate the earlier neurons. A) parallel processing B) reverberation C) convergence D) divergence E) serial processing

reverberation

74) Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral

sciatic

76) As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. A) perineal B) femoral C) brachial D) pudendal E) sciatic

sciatic

61) If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked. B) output to visceral organs would be blocked. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) sensory input would be blocked.

sensory input would be blocked.

36) The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

sensory nuclei

46) In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. A) myasthenia gravis B) mumps C) shingles D) polio E) rubella

shingles

9) Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is A) longer. B) shorter. C) the same length.

shorter.

16) Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A) filum terminale. B) subarachnoid space. C) dura mater. D) pia mater. E) arachnoid mater.

subarachnoid space.

51) The preganglionic fibers that carry visceral motor fibers and connect a spinal nerve with an sympathetic ganglion form the A) white rami communicans. B) gray rami communicans. C) posterior ramus. D) anterior ramus. E) dermatomes.

white rami communicans.

Figure 12-2 In which structure are sensory cell bodies located?

10

8) Which of the following associations is incorrect? A) 8 cervical spinal nerves B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves C) 5 lumbar spinal nerves D) 5 sacral spinal nerves E) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

11 thoracic spinal nerves

13) Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are protected by the A) spinal meninges. B) spinal nerve. C) white matter. D) spinal columns. E) gray matter.

13: spinal meninges

32) Where do somatic motor neurons reside? A) 10 B) 12 C) 13 D) 14 E) 15

15

19) Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid mater. C) epidural space. D) subarachnoid space. E) cerebral ventricles.

19: subarachnoid space

5) The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31 E) The number varies widely among individuals.

31

10) After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) 20

4

6) The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age A) 20 years. B) 10 years. C) 4 years. D) 6 months. E) 2 months.

4 years

100) Which of the following is not true of the spinal cord? A) It interacts with the muscular system to provide involuntary movement. B) It interacts with the digestive system by receiving sensory signals from the stomach. C) It interacts with the urinary by receiving sensory signals from the bladder. D) It interacts with the muscular system by initiating voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

It interacts with the muscular system by initiating voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

11) In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about A) T6. B) T10. C) L1. D) L5. E) Co1.

L1.

43) The face, head, and cheeks are located in a dermatome supplied by nerves from what spinal cord region? A) sacral B) thoracic C) cervical D) lumbar E) No spinal nerves innervate the dermatome containing the face.

No spinal nerves innervate the dermatome containing the face.

99) Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that A) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts. B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts. C) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region. D) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region. E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

91) In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater? A) a monosynaptic ipsilateral reflex B) a polysynaptic ipsilateral reflex C) a monosynaptic contralateral reflex D) a polysynaptic contralateral reflex

a polysynaptic contralateral reflex

75) The obturator nerve is distributed to the A) adductors of the hip. B) skin over the perineum. C) extensors of the hip. D) skin over buttocks. E) biceps femoris.

adductors of the hip.

21) Blood vessels traveling within ________ deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord. A) the pia mater B) the arachnoid mater C) the dura mater D) all three cranial meninges E) all three spinal meninges

all three spinal meninges

62) Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a ________ ramus. A) white ramus communicans B) gray ramus communicans C) posterior D) anterior E) rami communicantes

anterior

Figure 12-1 Identify the structure labeled "10."

anterior gray commissure

53) Sensory input from interoceptors of the body walls and limbs is carried to the spinal nerve via the A) posterior rami. B) anterior rami. C) anterior horn. D) gray rami. E) sympathetic nerves.

anterior rami.

55) The ________ innervate(s) the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. A) white rami communicans B) gray rami communicans C) posterior ramus D) anterior ramus E) dermatomes

anterior ramus

Figure 12-2 Identify the structure labeled "2."

anterior ramus

38) Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A) central canal. B) posterior gray horns. C) gray commissures. D) anterior white columns. E) all of the above.

anterior white columns

23) Of the spinal meninges, the middle one is the ________ mater. A) epidural B) pia C) subdural D) arachnoid E) dura

arachnoid

92) All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes except that they A) are arranged according to dermatomes. B) are intersegmental in distribution. C) involve reciprocal innervation. D) have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response. E) involve pools of interneurons.

are arranged according to dermatomes.

88) All of the following are true of muscle spindles except that they A) are found within skeletal muscle. B) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. C) are found in tendons. D) are the receptor for the stretch reflex. E) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

are found in tendons.

71) The ventral rami of spinal nerves C4 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. A) cervical B) brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic

brachial

41) Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? A) ascending tracts in the cervical region of her spinal cord. B) descending tracts in the cervical region of her spinal cord. C) ascending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord. D) descending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord. E) the anterior white commissures.

ascending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord.

49) The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

axons of motor neurons.

47) Each peripheral nerve provides ________ innervation to peripheral structures. A) only motor B) only sensory C) both motor and sensory D) either motor or sensory E) motor and/or sensory

both motor and sensory

26) The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. B) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions. C) sensory and motor nuclei. D) both axons and dendrites. E) interneurons.

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

98) Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? A) normal in newborns B) abnormal in adults C) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D) causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze E) causes flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze

2) The posterior root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) synapses.

cell bodies of sensory neurons

64) The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm. A) spinal B) cervical C) thoracic D) lumbar E) sacral

cervical

7) Spinal nerves A) contain only sensory fibers. B) contain only motor fibers. C) contain both sensory and motor. D) contain interneurons. E) only carry information unidirectionally.

contain both sensory and motor.

48) Which of the following describes the posterior root ganglion? A) contains axons of motor neurons B) contains axons of sensory neurons C) contains cell bodies of motor neurons D) contains cell bodies of sensory neurons E) contains interneurons

contains cell bodies of sensory neuron

97) Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called A) ipsilateral. B) bilateral. C) contralateral. D) collateral. E) antilateral.

contralateral ?

33) What is the function of the structure labeled ʺ14ʺ? A) control of skeletal muscle B) somatic sensory processing C) control of autonomic effectors D) somatic motor control E) visceral sensory processing

control of autonomic effectors

34) What is the function of the structure labeled ʺ15ʺ? A) control of skeletal muscle B) somatic sensory processing C) control of autonomic effectors D) somatic motor control E) visceral sensory processing

control of skeletal muscle

94) The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

crossed extensor

4) The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) filum terminale C) cauda equina D) dorsal root E) ventral root

filum terminale

25) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the A) anterior gray horns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures

gray commissures

52) The postganglionic fibers that connect an sympathetic ganglion and carry fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscle of the body wall or limbs are the A) white rami communicans. B) gray rami communicans. C) posterior ramus. D) anterior ramus. E) dermatomes.

gray rami communicans.

3) Enlargements of the spinal cord occur A) near the posterior median sulcus. B) adjacent to the anterior median fissure. C) in those spinal segments that control the limbs. D) in the thoracic region. E) in the sacral region

in those spinal segments that control the limbs.

82) Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. A) visceral B) innate C) acquired D) somatic E) vegetative

innate

89) All of the following are a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc except A) effector. B) interneuron. C) CNS processing. D) motor neuron. E) sensory neuron.

interneuron.

96) Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called A) ipsilateral. B) bilateral. C) contralateral. D) collateral. E) antilateral.

ipsilateral.

87) The stretch reflex A) is an example of a polysynaptic reflex. B) is important in regulating muscle length. C) involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ. D) is activated when a smooth muscle lengthens. E) is voluntary.

is important in regulating muscle length.

39) A viral disease that destroys the neuronal cell bodies of the anterior gray horn will A) lead to muscle weakness or paralysis. B) interfere with position sense. C) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. D) block autonomic regulation. E) interfere with communication from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

lead to muscle weakness or paralysis.

77) Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. A) shoulder B) intercostal C) abdominal D) leg E) facial

leg

40) Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? A) loss of sensation in his torso B) inability to breathe C) problems with moving his arms D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) problems with moving his legs

loss of sensation in his torso

70) If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) could walk without difficulty. C) would have full range of motion in all extremities. D) would be in a coma. E) would exhibit none of the above.

might be unable to breathe on his own.

85) In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. A) sensory B) motor C) polysynaptic D) monosynaptic E) integrative

monosynaptic

1) Reflexes, controlled by the spinal cord, act by A) sensory output over cranial nerves to effectors. B) motor input to reflex centers in the spinal cord. C) sensory input to reflex centers in the brain. D) motor output over spinal nerves to effectors. E) sensory input over cranial nerves to the spinal cord.

motor output over spinal nerves to effectors.

63) Somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord control all of the following muscles except those that A) position the pectoral girdle. B) move the arm. C) move the hand and fingers. D) move the face. E) move the forearm and hand.

move the face ?

93) The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D) usually depends on cranial neurons. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

80) Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except A) convergent. B) divergent. C) multipolar. D) reverberating. E) parallel processing.

multipolar.

27) The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) unmyelinated axons. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) myelinated axons. E) nodes of Ranvier.

myelinated axons.

65) A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a A) nerve ganglion. B) nerve plexus. C) spinal cord. D) spinal plexus. E) ramus.

nerve plexus

67) The anterior rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following except the ________ plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) nuchal E) cervical

nuchal

44) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the A) perineurium. B) epineurium. C) endoneurium. D) epimysium. E) endosteum.

perineurium.

68) The nerve crucial for breathing that originates within the cervical plexus is called the ________ nerve. A) ansa cervicalis B) great auricular C) transverse cervical D) phrenic E) supraclavicular

phrenic

69) The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) ansa cervicalis B) lesser occipital C) radial D) phrenic E) sciatic

phrenic

73) The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the A) radial. B) median. C) ulnar. D) musculocutaneous. E) phrenic.

phrenic.

37) The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

somatic motor nuclei.

Figure 12-1 What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

somatic sensory receiving

12) The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A) cranial meninges. B) cranial mater. C) spinal meninges. D) spinal mater. E) epidural membranes.

spinal meninges

Figure 12-2 Identify the structure labeled "8."

spinal nerve

50) A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a A) cervical enlargement. B) lumbar enlargement. C) spinal nerve. D) spinal meninx. E) spinal ganglion.

spinal nerve.

90) The myotatic reflex is also known as the ________ reflex. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

stretch

22) During the procedure known as a spinal tap, a needle is inserted into the ________ in the inferior ________ region. A) epidural space; thoracic B) epidural space; lumbar C) epidural space; sacral D) subarachnoid space; thoracic E) subarachnoid space; lumbar

subarachnoid space; lumbar

Figure 12-2 Identify the structure labeled "6."

sympathetic ganglion

83) All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they A) are automatic motor responses. B) are the simplest form of behavior. C) help preserve homeostasis. D) usually cannot be suppressed by the brain. E) involve at least two neurons.

usually cannot be suppressed by the brain.

84) All of the following terms refer to ways that reflexes can be classified except A) intersegmental. B) polysynaptic. C) innate. D) voluntary. E) somatic.

voluntary.

81) Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following except A) where they are initiated. B) where information processing occurs. C) the motor response. D) the complexity of the neural circuit. E) whether they are sensory or motor.

whether they are sensory or motor.