A & P: Chapter 7

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

- Flat bones of the skull - Maxilla - Mandible

Which statements characterize articular cartilage?

- It is composed of hyaline cartilage. - It functions to reduce friction in joints. - It covers an epiphysis.

Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage?

- It provides a model for the formation of bones. - It covers the ends of long bones.

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

- Nutrients pass through them - They extend from lacunae to lacunae - They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

- They are phagocytic. - They have ruffled borders.

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

- They are rings of bone tissue. - Their numbers vary among osteons. - They contain collagen fibers.

What are examples of short bones?

- bones of the wrist - some bones of the foot

Which statement characterize the effects of exercise on bones?

- exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin - regular weight-bearing exercise can increase total bone mass - exercise promotes bone remodeling

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

- it can be stimulated by stress on a bone - it occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone - it helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids

Which statements describe an osteon?

- it contains a central canal - it is microscopic - it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone - it is also called a Haversian system

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?

- it gives the bone its hardness - it contains hydroxyapatite crystals

Which statements characterize endosteum?

- it is active during bone repair - it contains osteoblasts - it lines medullary cavities - it contains osteoclasts

Which statements are true of hyaline cartilage?

- it is avascular - it contains chondroblasts

Which statements characterize periosteum?

- it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue - it functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones - it covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone

Which statements characterize woven (lamellar) bone?

- it is formed during intramembranous ossification - it is not well organized - it is replaced by lamellar bone

Which statement describe the matrix of bone?

- it is harder than the matrix of cartilage - it is composed of organic and inorganic substances

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

- it is solid and relatively dense - it forms the external walls of a long bone

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?

- lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix - hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone

Functions of bone include ___.

- mineral storage - protection - support - blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)

What are examples of flat bones?

- shoulder blade bones - the breastbone (sternum) - bones of the roof of the skull

In adults, red bone marrow is located in ___.

- skull bones - the sternum - vertebrae - the ribs - the hips

Which statements characterize intramembranous ossification?

- some osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts - osteiod formation is followed by calcification - ossification centers appear around the 8th week of development

Osteoprogenitor cells are located in ___.

- the endosteum - the periosteum

Long bones include ___.

- the thigh bone - the bones of the palm - the bones of the fingers - the bones of the toes

Which statements characterize perforating canals of bone?

- they contain blood vessels and nerves - they run perpendicular to central canals - they connect multiple central canals

Place the following steps in order to summarize interstitial growth of cartilage.x

1. Chondrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis. 2. Two cells occupy one lacuna. 3. Two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix.

Place the following steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order.

1. Hyaline cartilage model develops. 2. Periosteal bone collar forms. 3. Primary ossification center appears. 4. Secondary ossification centers appear. 5. Epiphyseal plates become epiphseal lines.

Place the following steps in order to summarize appositional growth of cartilage.

1. Stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis. 2. Committed cells become chondroblasts. 3. New matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage.

Compact bone makes up ___ of bone mass.

80%

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin

Ultraviolet light converts cholesterol into Vitamin ___.

D

Which is a function of cartilage?

It attaches the ribs to the sternum.

In intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?

Lamellar bone

Osteitis deformans is also called ___ disease.

Paget's

Calcium is required for ___.

Stimulation of the heart, blood clotting, and initiation of muscle contraction

True or False: By age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped.

True

Rickets is caused by a vitamin ___ deficiency.

Vitamin D

A bone's growth in diameter is called ___ growth.

appositional

Growth along the periphery of cartilage is called _______ growth.

appositional

___ connective tissue contains osteoblasts and osteocytes.

bone

Which organs are protected by bones?

brain, heart, lungs, reproductive organs

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ___.

central canal

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ___.

chrondroblasts

Rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called external ___ lamellae.

circumferential

Which is an organic component of bone?

collagen fibers

An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature ___ bone.

compact

The external surface of short bones consists of ___ bone while the interior consists of ___ bone.

compact, spongy

Bone is a type of ___ tissue.

connective

Ligaments and tendons are made of ___.

dense regular connective tissue

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its ___.

diaphysis

Bone remodeling begins during ___.

embryologic development

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through ___ ossification.

endochondral

The type of ossification that begins with a hyaline cartilage model is ___ ossification.

endochondral

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

Achondroplastic dwarfism is caused by the failure of cell division in the ___.

epiphyseal plate

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ___.

epiphysis

Which hormones promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure?

estrogen and testosterone

True or false: Bone has a poor supply of blood vessels.

false

True or false: Mature cartilage is well vascularized.

false

True or false: Typically bones of athletes become noticeably thinner as a result of repetitive and stressful exercise.

false

Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a(n) ___ for the entire body.

framework

The ___ ___ is the semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers; it is part of the organic materials in the matrix of the bone.

ground substance

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation?

growth hormone

The process of blood cell production is called ___.

hemopoiesis

High levels of cortisol ___ bone loss.

increase

When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ___.

increases

Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed are called ___ lamallae.

interstitial

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of ___ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

levers

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called ___.

medullary cavity

The region of mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the ___.

metaphysis

Another name for the calcification of bone is ___.

mineralization

Serotonin is a ___.

neurotransmitter, hormone

The process of bone formation is called ___.

ossification

Serotonin affects ___ differentiation.

osteoblast

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ___.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ___.

osteocytes

Calcitonin is produced by the ___ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular

The release of ___ hormone increase blood calcium levels.

parathyroid

The mineral called ___, stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids.

phosphate

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the ___ ossification center; It is the first major center of bone formation.

primary

In endochondral ossification, ___ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones.

secondary

Based on shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as ___ bone.

short

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called ___ bone.

spongy

The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the ___.

sternum

True or False: The epiphyseal plate is composed of cartilage.

true

True or false: The innervation of bone is mainly composed of sensory nerves that signal injuries to the skeleton.

true

Which is an example of an irregular bone?

vertebrae

In intramembranous ossification, newly formed bone that is immature and not well organized is called ___.

woven bone

Severe anemia on trigger the conversion of ___ bone marrow into ___ bone marrow.

yellow, red