A and P Exam 4
Innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Accessory Nerve (11)
is a progressive disease caused by beta-amyloid plaques and tau proteins in the brain. [2] is a fatal hereditary disorder where protein acumulatin causes degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex.
Alzhiemers, Huntingtons
The white matter of the spinal cord contains multiple collections of axons, or tracts. The tracts that contain axons bringing sensory information to the higher brain regions (thalamus, cortex) are called ______________ pathways. The tracts that contain axons delivering efferent (motor) commands to the spinal cord are called ___________ pathways.
Ascending, Decending
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. A) Wallerian cells B) Schwann cells C) dendrites D) Golgi organs
B
Cell bodies of motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ________. A) dorsal root ganglia B) ventral horn C) lateral horn D) sympathetic ganglia
B
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? A) complete loss of sensation B) a complete loss of voluntary movement C) loss of neither sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control D) a complete loss of sensation and movement
B
Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) terminate in the spinal cord B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum C) give rise to conscious experience of perception D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
B
The arbor vitae refers to ________. A) cerebellar gray matter B) cerebellar white matter C) the folia of the cerebellum D) flocculonodular nodes
B
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A) thalamus B) reticular formation C) pyramids D) limbic system
B
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla C) midbrain D) cerebrum
B
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A) paraplegiaB) Multiple sclerosisC) quadriplegiaD) ALS
A
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A) afferent nervesB) efferent nervesC) motor nervesD) mixed nerves
A
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromuscular junction
A
The entire nerve (such as the sciatic) is encased by a connective tissue covering called the _____________. A) epineurium B) perineurium C) endoneurium D) myelin sheath
A
The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus. A) Cervical B) Brachial C) Lumbar D) Sacral
A
What cells line the ventricles of the brain? A) ependymal cellsB) neuronsC) epithelial cellsD) astrocytes
A
Which fissure/sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe? A) central sulcus B) longitudinal fissure C) parieto-occipital sulcus D) lateral sulcus
A
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't seem to make her mouth make the words. The part of her brain that has most likely been damaged is: A) longitudinal fissure B) cerebellum C) central sulcus D) Broca's area E) primary somatosensory cortex
D
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? A) reduction of brain weight B) protection from blows C) nourishment of the brain D) conduct nerve impulses
D
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodiesB) dendritesC) unmyelinated axonsD) fiber tracts
D
The functions of the hypothalamus include _________.
body temperature regulation, control of the ANS, production of hormones
Which type of receptors informs the nervous system of the amount of tension in skeletal muscles and tendons? A) Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles B) Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles C) Muscle spindles D) Golgi tendon organs E) Joint kinesthetic receptors
D
What is somatotopy?
Different parts of the body are mapped to specific areas in the CNS (brain and spinal cord).
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the ___________________.
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Chief motor nerve of the face (has 5 branches).
Facial Nerve (7)
Pacinian corpuscles are thermoreceptors. TRUE or FALSE
False
The dorsal ramus consists only of sensory fibers bringing information to the spinal cord. TRUE or FALSE
False
The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers. TRUE or FALSE
False
The thoracic plexus innervates the muscles of the ribs. TRUE or FALSE
False
Produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral.
Flexor (Withdrawl)
Mixed nerve involved in swallowing and taste.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9)
Produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist is activated.
Golgi Tendon
Primarily motor; allows movement of the tongue.
Hypoglossal Nerve (12)
This area is involved in emotional responses, regulates body temperature, and controls the ANS.
Hypothalamus
This brain region has many important functions, which include: controlling the ANS, regulating body temperature, regulating water balance, and controling the Endocrine System. This part of the brain is the _____________.
Hypothalamus
Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebellum?
It calculates the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction.
The brain area that plays a role in perceived threats, emotional reaction and memory is the ________.
Limbic System
In flaccid paralysis, the skeletal muscle is not innervated and thus cannot be controlled. This type of deficit would result from damage to the ________________________.
Lower motor neurons (that have their cell bodes in the spinal cord ventral horn)
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
Medulla
Superior to inferior, the brain stem consist of the [1], [2], and [3].
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
The Primary Visual Cortex is located in the ______________ lobe.
Occipital
Motor for eye muscles.
Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens (3,4,6)
Solely sensory for smell.
Olfactory Nerve (1)
Carries sensory information regarding vision.
Optic Nerve (2)
The thinnest, deepest meninges is called the ____________.
Pia Mater
Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument.
Plantar
This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience.
Prefrontal Area
Controls repetitious or patterned motor skills.
Premotor Cortex
The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts.
Primary Motor Cortex
Located in the precentral gyri, the _____________________ consist of large pyramidal cells that control precise and skilled voluntary movement. The axons of these pyramidal cells form the _______________, which projects to (i.e. travels down and synapses on other neurons) the spinal cord.
Primary Motor Cortices; Corticospinal (or Pyramidal) tracts
Located in the postcentral gyrus.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
The [1] cortex receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Located in the occipital lobe.
Primary Visual Cortex
The function of the choroid plexus is to _________________.
Produce CSF
The ____________________________________ sends a constant stream of impulses to the cerebral cortex keeping it conscious and alert.
Reticular Activating System
Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone.
Stretch
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
Sulcus
The lateral horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord contain neuron cell bodies from which branch of the autonomic division?
Sympathetic
The Primary Auditory Cortex is located in the ______________ lobe.
Temporal
A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei.
Thalamus
The ________________________ is essentially a relay station; it receives sensory information and then sorts, edits and sends this information on to the "proper" area of the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
anterior association area
In which of the following places would you find cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulating?
lateral ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord in the cervical region. This would result in ________.
quadriplegia
The cerebral hemispheres are divided into three functional regions. The _____________ regions receive touch, pain, temperature information from the periphery of the body (as well as special sensory information). The ____________ regions send commands to control skeletal muscles. The ____________ regions integrate diverse types of information.
sensory, motor, association
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
visceral sensory area
The ______________ is a superficial layer of gray matter that is the site of the conscious mind.
Cerebral Cortex
a [1] is an injury that causes temporary alteration in mental function. A [2] is permanent damage as a result of bruising or tissue damage, and may result in a coma or death.
Concussion, Contusion
The term ________________ refers to the opposite side of the body, whereas the term _________________ refers to the same side of the body.
Contralateral, ipsilateral
The _________________ is the main commissure of the brain, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance.
Crossed Extensor
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A) hippocampusB) cingulate gyrusC) amygdalaD) caudate nucleus
D
What is Babinski's sign and what does it indicate (in adults)?
Babinski's sign in fanning of the toes; it indicates potential damage to the corticospinal tract and/or motor cortex.
The motor area for speech is ___________.
Brocas Area
______________ is a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue.
Brocas Area
A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged? A) occipital lobe B) temporal lobe C) frontal lobe D) parietal lobe E) pyramidal tract
C
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. A) interoceptors B) photoreceptors C) nociceptors D) proprioceptors
C
Regeneration within the CNS ________. A) is more successful than with the PNS B) typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm C) is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes D) is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars
C
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) fissures B) ganglia C) gyri D) sulci
C
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________. A) lumbar plexusB) femoral plexusC) sacral plexusD) thoracic plexus
C
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A) prefrontal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) parietal lobe
C
Which of the following is not an example of an exteroceptor? A) touchB) pressureC) chemoreceptorD) painE) temperature
C
Which receptors adapt most slowly? A) smell receptorsB) pressure receptorsC) nociceptorsD) touch receptors
C
Discuss/diagram the Ventral Corticospinal (Pyramidal) pathway. Include: A) the type of information this pathway carries, and B) the relay of neurons involved in this pathway (including where the neurons originate and where they synapse on other neurons).
This is a descending pathway that carries motor commands from the Primary Motor Cortex to the spinal cord. It consists of a relay of 2 neurons. The upper motor neuron has its cell body in the Primary Motor Cortex; its axons travel down the spinal cord, where they synapse on a lower motor neuron. The lower motor neuron is a true motor neuron (since it synapses on an effector). Its cell body is in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Its axon exits through the ventral root and travels to and synapses on skeletal muscle.
Which of the following is a correct summary of the (lateral) spinothalamic tract.?
This is an ascending pathway that carries pain and temperature information from the periphery of the body to the brain. It consists of a relay of 3 neurons. The first order neuron (a sensory neuron) conducts impulses from cutaneous (i.e. skin) receptors; it has its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion and synapses on a second-order neuron. The second-order neuron (an interneuron) has its cell body in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; its axon travels up the spinal cord and synapses on the third-order neuron in the thalamus. The third-order neuron (an interneuron) has its cell body in the thalamus; its axon travels up to and synapses on a neuron in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex.
Discuss/diagram the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemincus pathway. Include: A) the type of information this pathway carries, and B) the relay of neurons involved in this pathway (including where the neurons originate and where they synapse on other neurons).
This is an ascending pathway that carries touch and vibration information from the periphery of the body to the brain. It consists of a relay of 3 neurons. The first order neuron (a sensory neuron) conducts impulses from cutaneous (i.e. skin) receptors; it has its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion and synapses on a second-order neuron. The second-order neuron (an interneuron) has its cell body in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or in the medulla oblongata; its axon synapses on the third-order neuron in the thalamus. The third-order neuron (an interneuron) has its cell body in the thalamus; its axon travels up to and synapses on a neuron in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex.
What is the normal response of the plantar reflex?
Toes Curl
Mixed nerve that carries main sensory information for the face.
Trigeminal Nerve (5)
Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. TRUE or FALSE
True
The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves. TRUE or FALSE
True
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. TRUE or FALSE
True
Mixed nerve that innervates heart, lungs and abdominal viscera.
Vagus Nerve (10)
Interconnected cavities within the brain are known as
Ventricles
Mostly sensory for balance and hearing.
Vestibulocochlear (8)
[1] consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers, while [2] consist of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers.
White matter, grey matter
