A & P II: Blood lab

Anti-A serum / Anti-B serum: 1. Agglutination / no agglutination = 2. no agglutination / Agglutination = 3. Agglutination. / Agglutination = 4. no agglutination / no agglutination=

1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type AB 4. Type O

Normally, the plasma constitutes _______ wile the formed elements make up the remaining _____ if the blood

55%; 45%

Allele IA leads to the red cell to have which antigen on the cell surface?

A

if agglutination occurs only in the suspension to which the anti-A serum was added, the blood type is _____. if agglutination occurs only in the anti-B mixture, the blood type is ____ Agglutination in both samples indicates the ___ blood type the absence of agglutination in any sample indicates that the blood type is _____

A B AB O

red blood type: B -has anti-bodies _______ in plasma -____ antigen in red blood cells can give blood to______ can receive blood from ______

A B B, AB B, O

these antigens (Ag) have been designated as ___ and __. Antibodies (Ab) against antigen A or B begin to build up in the blood plasma shortly after birth, and the levels peak at 8-10 years of age.

A and B

blood types

A, B, AB, O

red blood type: O -has anti-bodies _______ in plasma -____ antigen in red blood cells can give blood to______ can receive blood from ______

AB 0 O, A, B, AB O

eosinophil (purple) platelet (small pink dot) RBC (big pink dot)

Add labels to a diagram

allele IB leads to the red cell to have which antigen on the cell surface?

B

red blood type: A -has anti-bodies _______ in plasma -____ antigen in red blood cells can give blood to______ can receive blood from ______

B A A, AB O, A

aggutination is the process of

Clumping, when agglutinins in the plasma combine with agglutinogens on the surface of RBC's .

Determines the percentage of each type of white blood cell present in your blood

Differential white blood cell count

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm that are stain differentially with wright's stain and they have peculiarly lobed nuclei, which often consist of expanded nuclear regions connected by thin strands of nucleoplasms are called ____________ and include:

Granulocytes ; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Genotype: IAIB

Phenotype AB

genotype: ii

Phenotype O

Neurophils

add labels to the diagram

around 1900, karl landsteiner discovered that there are at least four different kinds of human blood, determined by the presence or absence of a specific _________ or ______ (agglutinating antigens) on the surface of red blood cells

agglutinogens or agglutinins

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; _______ and includes:

agranulocyte; lymphocytes, monocytes.

the second group, ___________, or agranular leukocytes, contain no observable cytoplasmic granules. Although found in the bloodstream, they are much more abundant in lymphoid tissues and lymph. Their nuclei tend to be closer to the norm, that is, spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.

agranulocytes

Blood types are determined by ________, not the antibodies a person possesses

antigens; presence of proteins on red blood cells

there is a simple test to determine blood type, performed with _______ containing high levels of anti-A and anti-B Abs. Several drops of each kind of antiserum are added to seperate blood samples

antisera

_____ are the least abundant leukocyte type representing less than 1% of the population -large U- or S-shaped nucleus with two or more indentations -cytoplasm contains coarse, sparse granules (stained deep purple by the basic dyes in wright's stain) -the granules contain histamine, a vasodilator, which is discharged on exposure to antigens and helps mediate the inflammatory response

basophil

the fibers typical of connective tissues only become visible in blood during _______, they appear as ________ threads, which form the structural basis of clot formation

clotting

blood is a type of _______ tissue that contains

connective; plasma and formed elements

______ represents 1-4% of the leukocyte population; -nucleus is generally figured 8 or bilobed in shape -contains large cytoplasmic granules that stain red-orange with the acid dyes in wright's stain -precise function is unknown, but they increase in number during allergies and parasite infections and may selectively phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

eosinophil

The most abundant of the formed elements are the ___________ or ________. They range in size from 5 to 10 um in diameter, are cells whose color varies from a salmon-red color to pale pink, depending on the effectiveness of the stain. They have a distinctive biconcave disk shape and appear paler in the center than the edge. Their number averages 4.5 million to 5.0 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood. When mature, they are anucleated and as a result, are incapable of reproduction and have a limited life span of 100 to 120 days. At this time they begin to fragment and are destroyed in the spleen and other reticuloendothelial tissues of the body

erythrocyte (RBC)

three types of formed elements are present in blood.

erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) platelets

Leukocytes consist of three categories of _________ and two categories of _________-

granulocytes agranulocyte

RBCS are literally sacs of ________ molecules, which transports the bulk of oxygen carried in blood

hemoglobin

____________ or ___________ are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and immune system. They are nucleated cells that are formed in the bone marrow from the same stem cell (hemocytoblast) as red blood cells. They are much less numerous than RBC, averaging from 4000 to 11000 cells per cubic millimeter. They are protective, pathogen destroying cells that are transported to all parts of the body in the blood or lymph. Important to their protective function is their ability to move in and out of blood vessels, called diapedesis, and wander throughout tissues by amoeboid motion to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction. They are classified into two major groups, depending on whether or not they contain conspicuous granules in their cytoplasm: Granulocytes or agranulocytes

leukocytes or white blood cells (WBC)

______ are the smallest of leukocytes, approximately the size of a red blood cell. -The dark blue-purple staining nucleus is generally spherical or slightly indented and accounts for most of the cell mass. -Sparse cytoplasm appears as a thin blue rim around the nucleus. -----Concerned with immunologic response in the body

lymphocyte

______ are the largest of the leukocytes; approximately twice the size of red blood cells; represent 3-8% of the leukocyte population -dark-blue. kidney-shaped nucleus -abundant cytoplasm stains grey-blue -function as an active phagocyte (the long term clean up team), increasing dramatically in number during chronic infections such as tuberulosis

monocyte

no clumping =

negative reaction/no agglutination

___________ are the most abundance of the white blood cells (40-70% of leukocyte population). -The nucleus consists of 3-7 lobes. -The pale lilac cytoplasm contains fine cytoplasmic granules. These granules are generally too small to see and take up both the acidic (red), and basic (blue) dyes (neutrophil=acid loving). -These cells function as active phagocytes. -The number of neutrophils increases exponentially during acute formation

neutrophil

List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let moneys eat bananas)

allele i leads to the red cell to have which antigen on the cell surface?

no antigen

red blood type: AB -has anti-bodies _______ in plasma -____ antigen in red blood cells can give blood to______ can receive blood from ______

none A and B AB O, A, B, AB

the blood circulating to and from body cells within the vessels of the circulatory system is a rather viscous substance that varies from a bright scarlet to a dull brick red, depending on the amount of __________

oxygen

genotype: IAIA

phenotype A

genotype: IAi

phenotype A

genotype IBIB

phenotype B

genotype IBi

phenotype B

_______, which is over 90% water, contains over 100 different substances dissolved in it. These dissolved substances include nutrients, gases, hormones, various wastes and metabolites, various functional proteins and mineral salts

plasma

blood is a type of connective tissue that is composed of a nonliving fluid matrix called the ________ with living cells suspended within called __________

plasma formed elements

The third type is _______, which is instrumental in the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured. -they are cell fragments of large multinucleated cells formed in the bone marrow -they appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies interspersed among the blood cells -the normal platelet count in blood ranges from 250,000-500,000 per cubic millimeter

platelets

clumping =

positive reaction/agglutination