A & P Unit 4
Check all that are functions of the cerebellum. 1. Receives sensory plans for movements 2. Acts as the "principal" of unconscious physical actions by regulating functions of motor pathways 3. Directly controls the influences of hormones and enzymes on skeletal muscles 4. Indirectly affects the excitability of motor neurons
1, 2, 4
The spinal cord is associated with ____________ pairs of spinal nerves. Spinal nerves are considered ____________ nerves because they contain both ____________ axons that relay nerve signals from receptors to the CNS and ____________ axons that conduct nerve signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands). Each side of the spinal cord contains ____________ cervical nerves, ____________ thoracic nerves, ____________ lumbar nerves, 5 ____________ nerves, and 1 ____________ nerve.
1. 31 2. mixed 3. sensory 4. motor 5. 8 6. 12 7. 5 8. sacral 9. coccygeal
Which of the following are functional centers associated with the medulla oblongata?
1. Cardiac center 2. Vasomotor center 3. Respiratory center
Match the function to the correct lobe of the cerebral cortex. 1. Voluntary skeletal muscle control, verbal communication 2. Auditory association area 3. Primary gustatory cortex 4. Somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association area 5. Primary visual cortex
1. Frontal lobe 2. Temporal lobe 3. Insular lobe 4. Parietal lobe 5. Occipital lobe
Match the component of the cerebral nuclei with its function.
1. Processes visual information at a subconscious level=Claustrum 2. Stimulates muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of walking=Caudate nucleus 3. Excites and inhibits the thalamus to adjust muscle tone=Globus pallidus 4. Involved in emotion, behavioral activity, and mood=Amygdaloid body 5. Controls muscular movement at the subconscious level=Putamen
EPSP and IPSP ______ potentials are local currents of ions that move along the plasma membrane toward the initial segment area of the _________. Graded ________ potentials are added together in the initial segment; this process is called _________. The initial segment, by adding postsynaptic potentials, determines if a(n) __________ potential is reached. This potential is _____ mV. This is a change of _____ mV from the RMP. When this threshold is reached, it initiates the opening of __________ channels and the generation of a(n) ______ potential that will travel along the axon.
1.graded 2. axon hillock 3. postsynaptic 4. summation 5. threshold membrane 6. -55 7. +15 8. voltage-gated 9. action
Assume all of the presynaptic synapses identified produce EPSPs. If two of these synapses fired simultaneously, which synaptic combination brings the initial segment closest to threshold based on spatial summation? Click on the appropriate synapses.
3 and 4
What is produced when depolarization of a cell membrane reaches threshold?
Anew action potential is produced.
A person who can understand a sentence but would have trouble repeating it may have a problem in
Broca's area
What is the name of the specified structure, which projects inferiorly from the spinal cord?
Cauda Equina
As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension?
Cerebrum
The function of the round window is to
Dampen vibrations in the perilymph
Classify the given items with the appropriate group.
Excitatory Neurotransmitter Actions vs. Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Actions
Identify the cranial nerve, which innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
Hypoglossal
Name the highlighted nerve that provides some of the innervation to joints of the hands.
Median Nerve
Respiration is regulated in the
Medulla oblongata
The scala vestibuli contains
Perilymph
Distinguish the oculomotor nerve (CN III) from the other cranial nerves in the figure, based on the appropriate description of its parasympathetic component.
Postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies located in ciliary ganglia
During a repair of a hiatal hernia, Dr. Ross accidentally nicked the wall of the esophagus. Which of the following structures would also be damaged by a cut in this area?
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons
Determine which of the following is the oculomotor nerve's function
Pupillary Constriction
Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the skin of the leg and the skin over the dorsum of the foot?
Superficial Fibular Nerve
Dermatomes in the thorax follow a fairly regular, segmental route around the thorax. Which of the following statements best describes the basis of this regular pattern?
The intercostal nerves run parallel to the ribs, and this is reflected in the dermatome pattern.
A simple spinal reflex typically involves how many neurons?
Three
Simple spinal reflexes occur independent of the brain? (True or False)
True
Which language area provides understanding of the spoken and written word?
Wernicke's area
Cranial nerve ____ innervates structures in the head, neck, and the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
X (vagus)
The ________ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pharynx muscles.
XI (accessory)
The time when there is complete insensitivity of the plasma membrane to another stimulus.
absolute refractory period
In order to maintain the electrochemical gradients for sodium and potassium, ATPase pumps move these ions _______ their respective gradients.
against
Olfactory receptor neurons synapse with neurons of the olfactory bulb in the ____________ .
cerebral cortex
With a _________, the ligand-regulated channels begin closing as they release their bound ACh.
decreasing cleft concentration of ACh
Which is not a bone of the middle ear?
hyoid
Conscious control of body segment movements is an example of nervous control over the ________.
muscular system
K⁺ diffusing out of the cell has a ______ feedback effect on the initial polarization.
negative
Place the following labels in the proper position to designate the appropriate organ system.
nervous vs. endocrine
Most of total sleep time is spent in ______ sleep.
non-REM
The ____________ house the visual centers, and receive inputs from the optic radiation.
occipital lobe
The receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the ____________ .
olfactory epithelium
The absolute refractory period assures that action potential propagation is
only in one direction
The voltage-gated Na⁺ channels _____ when the cell membrane reaches threshold level as a result of a stimulus.
open
Arriving at target cells, ____________ nerve fibers release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.
postganglionic
These impulses arrive at the cardiac plexus where secretion of acetylcholine creates an action potential in the ____________ .
postganglionic fiber
Though potassium (+1) and sodium (+1) both leak through the membrane at rest, there is a greater diffusional flow of ________ at rest.
potassium
Through the activated channels, _______ now flows outwards causing the membrane to repolarize back towards RMP.
potassium
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential results from the opening of____________________.
potassium and/or chloride channels
Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.
receptive
A time when there is a decrease in the sensitivity of the plasma membrane to further stimulation.
refractory period
The time when a stronger-than-threshold stimulus is needed to initiate another action potential.
relative refractory period
The depolarization causes a ___________ that excites the entire membrane.
repetition
olfactory nerve, I
sensory, smell
Autonomic refers to the controls we are not aware of, like ____________ muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands.
smooth
The electrical and chemical gradients for ________ are both high during resting membrane potential which results in a very high electrochemical gradient towards the inside of the cell.
sodium
Normally, sodium and potassium leakage channels differ because ___________________.
sodium ions diffuse through leakage channels into the cell, but potassium ions diffuse through leakage channels out of the cell
Place the receptor location with the pathway that receives information from them.
somatic sensory pathway vs. visceral sensory pathway
Conscious perception of the fly on the arm occurs and activation of interneurons in the primary motor cortex to initiate avoidance movements descend the ____________.
spinal cord
Interneurons are located in the
spinal cord
Fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia, take one of three routes, 1) the spinal nerve route, 2) the sympathetic nerve route, and the 3) ____________ nerve route.
splanchnic
The foot plate is part of the
stapes
An action potential at the ______ zone causes sodium to diffuse into the cell
trigger
The sense of taste is heavily influenced by the olfactory sense as well. (true or false)
true
The motor division of the autonomic nervous system has ___________neuron(s) in each pathway.
two
During hearing, the structure(s) first to vibrate is/are the
tympanic membrane
Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain). 1. Pia Mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Dura mater
1, 2, 3
Which of the following are released from neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic innervation? Check all that apply. 1. Epinephrine 2. ACh 3. Norepinephrine 4. ACTH
1, 2, 3 and 4
Check all that are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division. 1. The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments. 2. The preganglionic sympathetic axons remain in the spinal cord for a large distance before leaving. 3. The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies. 4. The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
1, 2, 3, 4
What systems are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system? Check all that apply. 1. Most blood vessels 2. Sweat glands in the trunk 3. Arrector pili muscles in the skin 4. Bronchioles in the lungs
1, 2, 3, 4
Which neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines? Check all that apply. 1. Dopamine 2. Norepinephrine 3. Acetylcholine 4. Epinephrine
1, 2, 3, 4
Check all that are a function of the hypothalamus. 1. Control of autonomic nervous system 2. Control of the endocrine system 3. Visceral response to odors 4. Control of emotional behavior 5. Control of food and water intake 6. Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms 7. Control of conscious skeletal muscle movements
1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Check all that tend to be functions of the left hemisphere. 1. Feeling shapes with the right hand 2. Feeling shapes with the left hand 3. Verbal memory 4. Memory for shapes 5. Right visual field 6. Left visual field
1, 3, 5
Place the steps of the gustatory pathway in the appropriate order. 1. The taste cell releases a neurotransmitter 2. The sensory neuron signal is conducted to the brain 3. There is activation of G-proteins or diffusion of cations through channels across the membrane 4. There is a depolarization of the taste cell's membrane 5. The neurotransmitter stimulates action potentials in the sensory neurons. 6. Tastants enter the taste pores. 7. The sense of taste is perceived. 8. Tastants dissolve in saliva.
1. 5 2. 7 3. 3 4. 4 5. 6 6. 2 7. 8 8. 1
Place the items in the correct order for an IPSP from beginning to end.
1. An inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated K+ channels 2. K+ channels open 3. K+ flows out of the neuron 4. The inside of the neuron becomes more negative 5. The IPSP propagates toward the axon hillock
The anterior rami of the brachial plexus are the continuations of the anterior rami of spinal nerves ____________ . These rami emerge from the intervertebral foramina and travel through the neck. The five rami unite to form the superior, middle, and inferior ____________ in the posterior triangle of the neck. Nerves ____________ unite to form the superior trunk; nerve ____________ remains as the middle trunk; and nerves ____________ unite to form the inferior trunk. Portions of each trunk divide deep to the clavicle into an anterior and a posterior ____________ . These primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the ____________ . Upon reaching the axilla, they converge to form three ____________ .
1. C5-T1 2. trunks 3. C5 and C6 4. C7 5. C8 and T1 6. division 7. upper limb 8. cords
There are approximately 100 known neurotransmitters, which can be classified into major groups:- Acetylcholine is a(n) ____________ neurotransmitter; it is released in both central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system- amino acids are the building blocks of _____________ and some also serve as neurotransmitters. Examples include glutamate, _______________ and aspartame-monoamines are derived from certain _____________ by the removal of a(n) __________ group and the addition of another function group. The functional group added determines whether the molecules belongs to the more specific subgroup called ______________ (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ________________).-chains of amino acids that range in length from 2 to 40 amino acids are ________________.
1. Excitatory 2. Proteins 3. Glycine 4. Amino acids 5. Carbonyl 6. Catecholamines 7. Dopamine 8. Neuropeptides
Place the items for an EPSP in the correct order from beginning to end.
1. Excitatory neurotransmitter released from presynaptic neuron 2. Neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated sodium channels 3. Sodium channels open 4. Sodium flows into neuron 5. Inside of neuron becomes more positive6. This EPSP propagates toward axon hillock
Match the cranial nerve number with its name. 1. Cranial nerve X 2. Cranial nerve XI 3. Cranial nerve VII 4. Cranial nerve IX 5. Cranial nerve VIII 6. Cranial nerve XII
1. Facial (3) 2. Vestibulocochlear (5) 3. Glossopharyngeal (4) 4. Vagus (1) 5. Accessory (2) 6. Hypoglossal (6)
Label each phase of the action potential as identified by the highlighted region of each graph.
1. Hyperpolarization 2. Resting 3. Repolarization 4. Depolarization
Match the function with the correct area - thalamus or hypothalamus. 1. Regulates hunger and thirst 2. Regulates the autonomic nervous system 3. Relay center for sensory input 4. Regulates circadian rhythms 5. Regulates body temperature 6. Arousal from sleep
1. Hypothalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Thalamus 4. Hypothalamus 5. Hypothalamus 6. Thalamus
Match the lobe of the cerebrum with its function.
1. Involved in hearing and smell (Temporal Lobe) 2. General sensory functions, such as touch and taste. (Parietal lobe) 3. Processes visual input and helps store visual memories. (Occipital lobe) 4. Voluntary motor functions, verbal communication, and personality. (Frontal lobe)
Check all that are characteristics of the somatic nervous system (SNS). 1. It consists of two neurons in the pathway 2. Effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers 3. Axons are myelinated and thick 4. The SNS either Excites or inhibits effector organs
1. It consists of two neurons in the pathway 2. Effector organs are skeletal muscle 3. Axons are myelinated and thick 4. The SNS either excites or inhibits effector organs
The left and right lumbar plexuses are formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves ____________ located lateral to the same vertebrae and along the ____________ muscle in the posterior abdominal wall. The lumbar plexus is subdivided into anterior and posterior ____________ .
1. L1-L4 2. psoas major 3. divisions
Match the taste sensation to the chemical trigger. Some choices may be used more than once or not at all.
1. Na (salty) 2. Acidic compounds (sour) 3. Sugars, some other carbohydrates, and some proteins (sweet) 4. Alkaloids/base compounds (bitter) 5. Amino acid glutamate and related compounds (umami) 6. Artificial sweeteners (sweet) 7. Beef (umami)
Match the cranial nerve number with its name. 1. Cranial nerve I 2. Cranial nerve II 3. Cranial nerve III 4. Cranial nerve IV 5. Cranial nerve V 6. Cranial nerve VI
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens
Label the following image.
1. Pons 2. Proximal spinal cord 3. Medulla oblongata
What are the characteristics of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply. 1. Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies that lie within the brainstem or spinal cord and extend either as a cranial nerve or spinal nerve. 2. Postganglionic neurons extend from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). 3. All autonomic neurons excite and effector. 4. The neurotransmitter released from a ganglionic neuron, in response to a nerve signal, is either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE).
1. Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies that lie within the brainstem or spinal cord and extend either as a cranial nerve or spinal nerve. 2. Postganglionic neurons extend from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). 4. The neurotransmitter released from a ganglionic neuron, in response to a nerve signal, is either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE).
Check all that are a function of the nervous system. a. Processing and evaluating information b. Collecting information c. Responding to information
-Processing and evaluating information -Collecting information -Responding to information
Check all that are true statements regarding the effects of the parasympathetic division. 1. The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division. 2. The effects of the parasympathetic division tend to be widespread. 3. Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs. 4. The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.
1. The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division. 2. The effects of the parasympathetic division tend to be widespread. 3. Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs. 4. The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.
Fifty presynaptic neurons all briefly release a single burst of excitatory neurotransmitter, generating excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in a postsynaptic neuron. Using this example, select all that apply. 1. These EPSPs will be summed at the axon hillock. 2. Temporal summation will occur in the postsynaptic neuron. 3. Summation will not occur because the EPSPs need to be generated in quick succession from a single presynaptic neuron. 4. Only EPSPs generated on the soma will be summed.
1. These EPSPs will be summed at the axon hillock 2. Temporal summation will occur in the postsynaptic neuron. 4. Only EPSPs generated on the soma will be summed.
A synapse is the specific location where ________ is functionally connected to either another neuron or _________. There are two types of synapses in the human body: chemical synapses and electrical synapses. Most synapses within the nervous system are __________ synapses.
1. a neuron 2. an effector 3. chemical
The left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the ____________ rami of spinal nerves ____________ and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses. The nerves emerging from a sacral plexus innervate the gluteal region, pelvis, perineum, ____________ thigh, and almost all of the leg and foot. The anterior rami of the sacral plexus organize themselves into anterior and posterior ____________ . The nerves arising from the anterior division tend to innervate muscles that ____________ parts of the lower limb, while the posterior division nerves tend to innervate muscles that ____________ parts of the lower limb.
1. anterior 2. L4-S4 3. posterior 4. divisions 5. flex 6. extend
Multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form a single ____________ root, which contains ____________ axons only. These axons arise from cell bodies in the anterior and ____________ horns of the spinal cord. Posterior rootlets arise from a single ____________ root, which contains ____________ axons only. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in a ____________ , which is within the posterior root. Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the ____________ to become a spinal nerve.
1. anterior 2. motor 3. lateral 4. posterior 5. sensory 6. posterior root ganglion 7. intervertebral foramen
Sensory pathways are ____________ pathways that conduct information about limb ____________ and the sensations of ____________ , temperature, pressure, and pain. Stimuli received from receptors within the skin, muscles, and joints are processed through ____________ sensory pathways, while ____________ sensory pathways process stimuli received from the organs. Sensory pathways use a series of two or three neurons to transmit nerve signals from the ____________ .
1. ascending 2. proprioception 3. touch 4. somatic 5. visceral 6. body to the brain
The nervous system serves as the body's primary ___________ and control system. It provides a rapid means of ___________ and regulating body functions through electrical activity transmitted along specialized nervous system cells called ___________ to accomplish the following:• Collect information. Specialized nervous system structures called __________ monitor changes in both the internal and external environment called ___________.• Process and evaluate information. After processing __________ input, the brain and spinal cord determine what response, if any, is required.• Initiate response to information. The brain and spinal cord initiate a response as __________ output via nerves to ___________. These structures include all three types of muscle tissue and glands.
1. communication 2. integrating 3. neurons 4. receptors 5.stimuli 6. sensory 7. motor 8. effectors
Motor pathways are ____________ pathways in the brain and spinal cord that control ____________ . At least two motor neurons are present in the motor pathway: an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The cell body of an ____________ motor neuron is housed either within the cerebral cortex or a nucleus within the brain stem. Axons of these synapse either directly on ____________ motor neurons, or on ____________ . The cell body of a lower motor neuron is housed either within the ____________ horn of the spinal cord or within a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus. Axons of the lower motor neurons exit the CNS and project to ____________ to be innervated.
1. descending 2. effectors 3. upper 4. lower 5. interneurons 6. anterior 7. skeletal muscle
The two types of motor neurons perform different activities. The upper motor neuron ____________ the activity of the lower motor neuron, but the lower motor neuron always ____________ because its axon connects directly to the ____________ . The cell bodies of motor neurons and most interneurons involved in the innervations and control of limb and trunk muscles reside in the spinal cord ____________ and the gray matter zone between the anterior horn and the posterior horn. The neurons that innervate the head and neck are located in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves and in the ____________ . Motor neuron axons form two types of motor pathways. The ____________ pathways are responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscle activity; the ____________ pathways are responsible for subconscious or unconscious control.
1. excites or inhibits 2. excites 3. skeletal muscle fibers 4. anterior horn 5. reticular formation 6. direct 7. indirect
Frequency is the ____________ that move past a point during a specific amount of time. Frequency is measured in ____________ and is classified as high, medium, or low. Frequency is interpreted as the ____________ of a sound. Intensity refers to the ____________ of a sound and is measured in ____________ . Louder sounds ____________ the rate of nerve signals relayed to the brain.
1. number of waves 2. hertz 3. pitch 4. loudness 5. decibels 6. increase
The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through ____________ . These conduct either sensory nerve signals from ____________ or motor nerve signals to ____________ ; processing and integration occur along them. These pathways travel through the ____________ of the spinal cord as they connect various CNS regions with spinal nerves. A pathway consists of a(n) ____________ (groups or bundles of axons that travel together in the CNS) and a(n) ____________ (a collection of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS).
1. pathways 2. receptors 3. effectors 4. white mater 5. tract 6. nucleus
One important branch of the cervical plexus is the ____________ nerve, which is formed primarily from the ____________ nerve and some contributing axons from ____________ . This nerve travels through the ____________ cavity to innervate ____________ and is important for breathing.
1. phrenic 2. C4 3. C3 and C5 4. Thoracic 5. the diaphragm
The sciatic nerve is formed from portions of both the anterior and posterior divisions of the ____________ plexus. This nerve projects from the pelvis through the ____________ sciatic notch of the os coxae and extends into the ____________ region of the thigh. The sciatic nerve is actually composed of two ____________ wrapped in a common sheath.
1. sacral 2. greater 3. posterior 4. divisions
Between each presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is a _______ that is the fluid-filled space between them. Each presynaptic neuron releases ___________ that binds with receptors in the _________ segment of a postsynaptic neuron. The ________ channels of the receptive segment open when these molecules bind. Specific ions then cross the membrane, initiating a _________ potential in the postsynaptic neuron. This local potential is a small voltage change in the ____________ potential. Graded potentials that occur in postsynaptic neurons are specifically called __________ potentials.
1. synaptic cleft 2. neurotransmitter 3. receptive 4. gated 5. graded 6. resting membrane 7. postsynaptic
Match the nerve with examples of the parasympathetic effector organs it innervates. 1. CN X (vagus) 2. CN VII (facial) 3. Pelvic splanchnic nerves 4. CN III (oculomotor)
1. thoracic and most abdominal viscera 2. Lacrimal and salivary glands 3. most pelvic viscera 4. ciliary muscles in the eye
Place following structures in the order that an electrical impulse would travel beginning with the post-synaptic membrane. (Internode, Axon hillock, Soma, Dendrites, Terminal Arborization, Node of Ranvier, Synaptic knobs)
1.Dendrites 2.Soma 3.Axon Hillock 4.Internode 5.Node of Ranvier 6.Terminal Arborization 7.Synaptic Knobs
What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal? 1. Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm 2. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 3. Action potential reaches axon terminal 4. Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane 5. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
3,5,1,4,2
How many pair of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What is the correct order through which sound travels in the inner ear? 1. endolymph of cochlear duct 2. round window 3. perilymph of scala vestibule 4. vestibular membrane 5. oval window 6. perilymph of scala tympani 7. basilar membrane
5, 3, 4, 1, 7, 6, 2
All of the following are innervated by the autonomic nervous system except A gland that produces sweat A muscle that contracts the heart A muscle that moves the fingers A muscle that opens the airway
A muscle that moves the fingers
Liling has had a busy and stressful morning, but she needs to be calm to present a report in her class. Which nerve can help slow down her heart rate?
A nerve with preganglionic axons that travel through the neck
The _______ diffuses across the cleft and binds to the ligand-regulated sodium channels.
ACh
Read each description below regarding the dual innervation of the ANS. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category based on whether it is an example of antagonistic or cooperative innervation.
ANTAGONISTIC The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate. COOPERATIVE The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.
As electrical charge is re-established back to -70 mV, the _________ return the ions to their initial position with sodium more highly concentrated in the ECF.
ATPase pumps
If acetylcholinesterase became mutated and nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?
Acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft.
The subarachnoid space lies between the
Anachnoid mater and pia mater
Dual innervation by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS imparts what function to the organ?
Antagonistic or cooperative effects
Alberta is a first-year medical student studying gross anatomy. To see the spinal cord, Alberta's dissection group removed the laminae of the vertebrae. As they opened the dural sac, which of the following structures was not easily visualized?
Anterior spinal nerve rootlets.
Nairi is walking outside without a coat during late autumn. A strong wind blows past her, and the hairs on her arms stand up. Which of the following best explain what caused this reaction to the cold?
Arrector pili muscles in her skin were stimulated to contract by sympathetic neurons.
Drag each label into the appropriate category to designate whether the given item describes ascending or descending neural tracts.
Ascending Tract vs. Descending Tract
The name of the glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier, is a(n) ______________.
Astrocyte
Classify the given items with the appropriate group. (muscles)
Axillary, Median, Radial, Ulnar, Musculocutaneous
Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma?
Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas.
If a drug was developed that interfered with the proper functioning of the microtubules found within the axons of neurons, how would you expect this to impact axonal transport processes?
Both anterograde and retrograde transport processes would cease.
Which of the following levels of the central nervous system play a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply. 1. Cerebral Cortex 2. Hypothalamus 3. Spinal cord 4. Brainstem 5. Basal nuclei
Cerebral cortex, Hypothalamus, Spinal cord and Brainstem
Gyri are characteristic of the
Cerebrum
Place the following spinal nerves in the appropriate plexus in which they arise from.
Cervical Plexus, Brachial Plexus, Lumbar Plexus, Sacral Plexus
Drag each label into the appropriate category to designate which plexus the given nerve merges into or diverges out from. (spine)
Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal
Place the following regions of the spinal cord in order from superior to inferior.
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal
The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This enzyme is produced within the cell body of neurons, but the synthesis of acetylcholine occurs within the axon terminals. Which statement best describes the axonal transport mechanism associated with this process?
Choline acetyltransferase is transported in the anterograde direction.
Match the selected cranial nerves with their function.
Conducts impulses for equilibrium and hearing = Vestibulocochlear nerve Vision = Optic nerve Innervates visceral smooth muscle and cardiac muscle = Vagus nerve Innervates pharynx & secretion of parotid salivary gland = Glossopharyngeal Innervates muscles of mastication = Trigeminal nerve Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles = Hypoglossal nerve Innervates the facial muscles = Facial nerve
Describe the structure accurately, as featured in the image.
Contains olfactory neurons
How does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex?
Contraction of its wall
What is one function of the Midbrain?
Coordinate movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball.
Cornea, Anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, vascular tunic
Infundibulum
Determine the name of the highlighted structure, which is located on the central, midline surface of the diencephalon.
Name the afferent limb of each spinal nerve, as specified in the figure.
Dorsal Root
layers of meninges from superficial to deep
Dura Mater, Subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, and pia mater.
Separation of the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater forms
Dural venous sinuses
The pre-synaptic membrane releases (via exocytosis) acetylcholine (ACh) into the __________.
ECF of the synaptic cleft
Accurately describe the composition of a ventral root (highlighted in the figure).
Efferent Axons Only
Determine the identity of the highlighted cranial nerve, which transmits taste impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Facial
Which of the following parasympathetic nerves controls the production of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva? 1. Oculomotor nerve (CN III) 2. Facial nerve (CN VII) 3. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) 4. Vagus nerve (CN X)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
At resting membrane potential, voltage-gated potassium ion channels are open. (True or False)
False
Neurofibril nodes are gaps found in the plasma membrane of neurolemmocytes and oligodendrocytes. (True or False)
False
The inside of the cell membrane becomes negative at the time of an action potential. (True or False)
False
Identify the specified structure.
Filum Terminale
Musa is enjoying an ice cream cone by the beach. Musa first licks the ice cream with the tip of his tongue. Which types of papillae house the taste buds that Musa is using to enjoy the ice cream? Which cranial nerve transmits the taste sensation to his brain?
Fungiform; facial nerve (CN VII)
Identify the nerve (highlighted in the figure), which provides motor innervation to the cremaster muscle in males.
Genitofemoral Nerve
Select which cranial nerve has sensory fibers that monitor blood pressure at the carotid sinus
Glossopharyngeal
Drag each label into the appropriate category of the given item describes elements of gray or white matter of the spinal cord.
Gray mater vs. White mater
Four-year-old Bindi loves to go to the nearby park to run around. One of her favorite activities is spinning in circles until she feels dizzy and falls down. Which cells in the inner ear are responsible for sensing the movement Bindi feels when she is spinning?
Hair cells in the crista ampullaris
If a patient has lost sympathetic innervation to the L4, L5, and S1 dermatomes, which of the following is a likely symptom? Loss of viscerosensory information from the thorax Resting heart rate rising to 100 bpm Hair on her leg will not be able to stand up Loss of reflexes in upper limb skeletal muscles
Hair on her leg will not be able to stand up
Emotional responses are regulated in the
Hypothalamus
The movement of positive charges to the ______ causes the relative charge across the membrane to become positive on the inner surface.
ICF
Resting membrane potential is created as a result of a greater net flow of positive charges from the __________.
ICF to the ECF
Label the primary nerves of the lumbar plexus.
Ilioinguinal nerve, Genitofemoral nerve, Femoral nerve, Obturator nerve and Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Cervical Enlargement/Region
It contains the neurons for upper limb innervation.
The highlighted cranial nerve is the abducens nerve. Which of the following is an accurate description of this cranial nerve?
It innervates the lateral rectus muscle.
Place the labels into either the left or right cerebral hemisphere, depending on which side is responsible for the function.
LEFT HEMISPHERE Speech, Mathematical comprehension, Right visual half-field, Verbal memory RIGHT HEMISPHERE Memory for shapes, Spatial concepts, Left visual half-field, Musical ability
The radial nerve travels along the radial groove of the humerus and is susceptible to damage in a midshaft break. If a patient comes to the emergency room with a midshaft break of the humerus, what should the physician check for to see if the radial nerve is also damaged?
Loss of sensory innervation to the dorsal hand.
Gerald was out on a bright sunny day trimming the shrubs in his yard. His dog saw a squirrel and ran past Gerald startling him and causing him to drop the weed-whacker. The cord of the weed-whacker left a deep gash in Gerald's lateral leg at the head of the fibula. Which of the following is a result of Gerald's injury?
Loss of the ability to dorsiflex at the ankle.
Taryn has a tumor in her vertebral column that is pressing on the L3 level of the spinal cord. The tumor is pressing on the dorsal side of the spinal cord in the area between the right posterior horn and the posterior median sulcus. Which of the following is a symptom that Taryn may experience due to this lesion?
Loss of vibration sensations in the ipsilateral lower limb.
Identify the components of the brainstem.
Midbrain, Pons and Medulla oblongata
Classify the given items with the appropriate group (1).
Monosynaptic Reflex vs. Polysynaptic Reflex
Classify the given items with the appropriate group. (Motor vs. Cutaneous)
Motor Branches vs. Cutaneous Branches
Accessory Nerve (XI)
Motor: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (neck and head movement)
Select the correct pairing of the highlighted nerve to its functional description.
Obturator Nerve; Motor Innervation to Adductor Muscles
What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes
Place the following labels in the proper position to designate the appropriate glial cells.
Oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, schwann cells, satellite cells
Assign the appropriate division names of the trigeminal nerve, as specified in the figure.
Ophthalmic, Maxillary and Mandibular
Drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic
Nola walks out of the movie theater into the bright sunshine. Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps her pupil constrict to block the light, and which nerve carries the axons?
Parasympathetic; oculomotor (CN III)
Which nerve provides all motor innervation to the diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerve
Which meningeal layer follows the surface contours of the brain and spinal cord?
Pia Mater
Cherie has been diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Which of the following parts of the sympathetic nervous system could be affected when Cherie's surgeon attempts to fix her AAA?
Prevertebral ganglion
Correctly label the following functional regions of the cerebral cortex.
Primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary gustatory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex and primary olfactory cortex
A mass in the cranial cavity is compressing the nerve that stimulates the creation of tears in the orbit. If all functions of this nerve are impaired, which of the following will also be affected?
Production of saliva by the submandibular gland
_______________ the time between signals sent from the same presynaptic terminal increases the strength of the graded potential. This is an example of ________________ summation.
Reducing; temporal
The cornea
Refracts light through the pupil
Place the following retinal cell ganglion cell axon pathway in order.
Retina, Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Optic tract, Thalamus
In the neural retina, action potentials are generated by
Retinal ganglion cells
Suppose that a new virus is discovered that specifically infects motor neurons. Assume that this virus enters neurons in conjunction with choline molecules. Once inside the cell, the virus enters the nucleus and replicates. Which direction describes the axonal transport route taken by this virus?
Retrograde transport
Identify the highlighted nerve, which is located on the medial lower limb.
Saphenous Nerve
While most organs are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions and express antagonistic effects, the best example of a cooperative autonomic effect is demonstrated by what function?
Sexual function of the male reproductive system (erection and ejaculation)
Classify the descriptions as being representative of either the somatic nervous system or the autonomic nervous system.
Somatic Nervous System vs. Autonomic Nervous System
Name the yellow highlighted structures that pass through the intervertebral foramina.
Spinal Nerves
The medulla oblongata is continuous caudally with the
Spinal cord
April is listening to quiet music on her head phones when she accidentally hits the volume button. The music becomes very loud and April pulls out her headphones as quickly as possible. In addition to her quick reflexes pulling out the headphones, structures within April's middle ear helped protect her from the loud noise. Which of the following helped to dampen the sound waves prior to their entrance to the cochlea?
Stapedius and tensor tympani muscles restricted movement of the auditory ossicles.
Determine which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior, distal, and lateral proximal leg, as featured in the figure.
Sural Nerve
Jillian is preparing for a job interview, and is worried that her palms will be sweaty when she shakes hands with the interviewer. Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of the neurons that cause the palms to sweat?
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Mabel's umbilicus itches. Which spinal nerve is carrying the sensory axons responsible for the skin are Mabel's umbilicus?
T10
Toni reaches into her purse to find her keys. The keys have fallen to the bottom of the purse, but Toni is able to fish them out from amongst pens, hair clips, and loose change. How is Toni able to find her keys without looking into her purse?
Tactile corpuscles allow her to determine the shape of the keys through discriminative touch.
Reflexes protect the body by allowing a quick reaction to an outside stimulus occur before the brain becomes consciously aware of the stimulus. Which of the following are examples of reflexes?
Tasting sweetness of ice cream, Turning head toward the sound of a loud noise, Blinking when a bug hits near the eye, Moving a hand away from a hot stove, and feeling vibration of the ground as a truck drives by.
Olfaction and hearing are processed in the ____________ .
Temporal Lobes
Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Glen wakes up and looks at the clock across the room from his bed. The clock says 9:15 AM! To verify that he overslept, he grabs his phone to check the time. How did the lens of Glen's eyes change shape when he looked at the clock across his room, and then when he checked his phone?
The lens was flattened to look at the clock and spherical to look at the phone.
If demyelination occurs, why don't action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated?
These regions lack the appropriate concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels.
Classify the given items with the appropriate group. (1)
Tibial vs. Common Fibular
Which cranial nerve, one that controls the superior oblique muscle, is highlighted in the figure?
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
Blood pressure is regulated by autonomic nuclei within the medulla oblongata. (True or False)
True
In myelinated axons, the plasma membrane of neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes must repeatedly wrap around a segment of an axon to form the myelin sheath. (True or False)
True
In unmyelinated axons, the axon may be surrounded by a series of neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes? (True or False)
True
The enteric nervous system contains both motor and sensory neurons. (True or False)
True
The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments. (true or false)
True
There are neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes at a neurofibril node? (True or False)
True
There are neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes in unmyelinated areas of the neuron. (True or False)
True
Indicate the summative effect that brings the initial segment closest to threshold.
Two EPSPs in proximity to each other.
Marshall was passing by a high work bench in his lab when he hit his funny bone. As the pain shot down to his fourth and fifth digits, he remembered that that the "funny bone" isn't actually a bone but a nerve passing very close to a bony structure. Which nerve did he injure, and which bony structure does this nerve travel past?
Ulnar nerve; medial epicondyle of humerus.
Which nerve (highlighted in figure) innervates most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, such as the hypothenar group, lumbricals 3 and 4, and all the interossei muscles?
Ulner Nerve
Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production and most salivary glands?
VII (facial)
Cranial nerve ______ conducts equilibrium and auditory information to the brain.
VIII (vestibulocochlear)
Identify the cranial nerve, which controls all but one of the muscles of the palate, pharynx, and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Vagus
Gavin ate a large lunch of a hamburger and fries. His stomach feels stretched, and a bit uncomfortable. Which of the following nerves will send signals to Gavin's stomach to process the food for digestion?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Ronaldo is in yoga class, and is meditating in child's pose. He is concentrating on his breath and his heartbeat, and is happy to feel that both are slow and steady. Which nerve(s) carry a signal to the heart to slow its rate of contraction?
Vagus nerve (CNX)
If extracellular calcium was absent, which would likely be true?
Vesicles containing neurotransmitter would not merge with the plasma membrane.
Action potentials arriving at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart cause ____________ to be released.
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter release from the pre-synaptic membrane is ceased and existing ACh in the cleft is broken down by ______.
acetylcholine esterase
The effect of norepinephrine binding to ____________ receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.
adrenergic
Sensory stimuli enter the spinal cord via
afferent axons
Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal gland's relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply 1. The adrenal cortex is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. The adrenal glands secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. 3. The adrenal glands are strictly nerve tissue. 4. The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. 5. The adrenal medulla contains cells that synapse with sympathetic nerve fibers.
all the above
Which structures receive parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)? Check all that apply. 1. Liver 2. Lungs 3. Urinary bladder 4. Uterus
all the above
The cerebral nucleus involved with emotions and mood is the
amygdaloid body
If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it is called ____________ innervation.
antagonistic
The motor neurons conduct action potentials through the ____________ of the spinal cord.
anterior root
CSF leaves the subarachnoid space via the ____________ and enters the bloodstream.
arachnoid villi
The motor division is separated further into a somatic motor division and a(n) ____________ motor division.
autonomic
Which structure is highlighted?
axillary nerve
The optic nerves are composed of
axons of retinal ganglion cells
In what way does the cerebellum coordinate and "fine-tune" skeletal muscle movements? a. It consciously coordinates minute muscle movements. b. It stores memories of previously learned movement patterns. c. It regulates activity along the voluntary and involuntary motor pathways. d. It coordinates visual information with skeletal muscle input.
b. It stores memories of previously learned movement patterns. c. It regulates activity along the voluntary and involuntary motor pathways.
Check all that apply to myelinated axons. a. Myelinated axons have slower nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. b. Myelinated axons have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. c. In myelinated axons, the nerve impulses "jump" from node to node, and do not have to travel the entire length of the axon membrane. d. Myelinated axons use more energy than unmyelinated axons. Myelinated axons use more energy than unmyelinated axons. e. Myelinated axons use less energy than unmyelinated axons.
b. Myelinated axons have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. c. In myelinated axons, the nerve impulses "jump" from node to node, and do not have to travel the entire length of the axon membrane. e. Myelinated axons use less energy than unmyelinated axons.
Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from ____________ division(s) of the ANS.
both
Since the parasympathetic division causes ____________ and the sympathetic division causes ____________ , this is an example of antagonistic innervation.
bronchoconstriction; bronchodilation
At the synaptic knob, voltage-gated ______________ channels open, thereby stimulating the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis.
calcium
The nervous system provides control to the __________ by influencing cardiac output and blood vessel diameter.
cardiovascular system
Acetylcholinesterase
catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft
Substances that cause facilitation of a neuron ____________________________.
cause the neuron to fire that may not under the same circumstances in the absence of the facilitator.
Equilibrium stimuli from the inner ear project to the vestibular nuclei and the ___________, which will integrate the information and transmit signals to skeletal muscles to adjust the balance and muscle tone.
cerebellum
Ependymal cells help produce
cerebrospinal fluid
The subarachnoid space contains
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The ____________ region of the spinal cord gives rise to eight pairs of spinal nerves.
cervical
A resting membrane potential of -70 mV indicates that the ________________.
charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside
Each olfactory receptor neuron has a dendrite that projects into the nasal cavity where it ends in a bulb containing ____________ .
cilia
The voltage-gated Na⁺ channels _____ when the cell reaches +30 mV.
close
High spatial resolution in vision is a function of
cone cells
To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______.
contract; loosen; rounded
A reflex arc is ____________ when the sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs in the ____________ limb.
contralateral; opposite
What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?
controls vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
The ____________ is the tapered end of the spinal cord.
conus medullaris
If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it is called ____________ innervation.
cooperative
The primary function of the cerebellum is
coordination of motor activity
Also known as the ____________ division, the parasympathetic nervous system has fibers exiting the CNS at the medulla oblongata.
craniosacral
Demyelinating diseases cause a(n) ______________ in the conduction velocity of action potentials.
decrease
This parasympathetic neurotransmitter causes the heart rate and contractility to ____________ .
decrease
This results in membrane ______
depolarization
A command from the brain to signal muscle contraction would pass through a(n)
descending pathway
Activated (open) sodium channels allow a rapid ________ down their electrochemical gradient towards the ICF.
diffusion of sodium
During post-absorptive states (fasting) the liver of the _________ continues to provide a ready source of energy for nervous tissue.
digestive system
Hair cells detect
displacement of basilar membrane
A spinal nerve is formed by the union of
dorsal and ventral root
The diffusional movement of sodium and potassium across the membrane is driven at all times by the __________.
electrochemical gradient
The hypothalamus, a major autonomic center of the brain, controls the release of multiple hormones of the _________.
endocrine system
Activation gates in the cell membrane for voltage-gated sodium ion channels open into the ________?
extracellular fluid
High-pitched sounds with short wavelengths displace the basilar membrane far from the oval window. (True or False)
false
The middle ear has four bones.
false
The ____________ is an extension of pia mater.
filum terminale
cerebrospinal fluid enters the central canal of the spinal cord from the
fourth ventricle
The afferent or sensory division transmits impulses ____________ .
from peripheral organs to the CNS.
The efferent or motor division transmits impulses ____________ .
from the CNS out to the peripheral organs.
The ____________ provides critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes.
frontal lobe
The rounded structures in which the synapses between olfactory receptor neurons and neurons of the olfactory bulb occur are called ____________ .
glomeruli
During hearing, the last structure(s) to vibrate is/are the
hair cells of spiral organ
Norepinephrine (NE)
has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector.
What structure is essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory?
hippocampus
With a larger duration of activation than sodium channels, the potassium channels allow for a greater movement of potassium to the ECF causing a short period of _______________.
hyperpolarization
Label the figure with the items provided.
hypoglossal, accessory, lesser occipital, great auricular, ansa cervicalis, supraclavicular, phrenic
The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located
in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments.
Action potentials occur ____________________________.
in the unmyelinated regions of an axon
As the membrane potential is __________, the voltage-regulated sodium channels begin closing which in turn reduces the sodium movement to the ICF.
increasing towards zero
The periosteal layer of dura mater is adherent to the
inner surface of the skull
The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the ____________ , is also the smallest and least understood.
insula
The nervous system interacts with the ________ to control blood flow and thus aid in thermoregulatory function of the body.
integumentary system
Arriving at the spinal cord, the axons turn superiorly and synapse with _______ of the thalamus before rerouting to the somatosensory cortex
interneurons
When voltage-gated sodium channels are open, sodium flows _____________ the neuron making the inside of the cell more _______________.
into; positive
A reflex arc is termed ____________ when the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord. For example, this effect occurs when the muscles in your left arm contract to pull your ____________ hand away from a hot object.
ipsilateral; left
In most individuals, the left hemisphere
is usually the categorical hemisphere
Cocaine acts as a neural stimulant because
it inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing their concentration and the postsynaptic stimulation
Without continued sodium influx into the cell through the ligand-regulated channels, the constant __________ causes the membrane potential to return back to RMP.
leak of potassium to the ECF
An unmyelinated fiber has voltage-gated ion gates along its entire ____.
length
When K⁺ diffuses out of the cell, the cell becomes ____ depolarized.
less
Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________.
ligand-gated channels
The cell membrane immediately adjacent to an action potential depolarizes because of?
local currents
The ____________ region of the spinal cord gives rise to five pairs of spinal nerves.
lumbar
As with most tissues, the _________ supplies the CNS with microglia that provide protection against pathogens.
lymphatic system
Trigeminal nerve, V
mixed sensory- scalp, forehead, nose, cheek, lower jaw. motor-skeletal muscle (chewing)
facial nerve, VII
mixed, sensory- 2/3rd anterior tongue, taste info. motor- facial expression
vagus nerve, X
mixed, sensory- visceral (heart) and general (laryngo/pharynx). motor-somatic (skeletal muscle) and visceral (smooth muscle)
Glossopharyngeal nerve, IX
mixed, sensory-post 1/3 tongue. motor- stylopharyngeus muscle for swallowing
When Na⁺ diffuses into the cell, the cell becomes ____ depolarized.
more
Depolarization is initiated by a stimulus that makes the membrane potential?
more positive
Depolarization of a cell membrane occurs because_____?
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.
The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into an afferent (sensory) division and an efferent ( ____________ ) division.
motor
The frontal lobes also include the primary ____________ , which control voluntary motor functions.
motor cortex
A ____________ conducts action potentials from the spinal cord to an effector organ.
motor neuron
The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains cells bodies of
motor neurons
The action potentials of the interneuron descending the spinal cord synapse with ___________ which then carry the signal to the effector organ.
motor or efferent neurons
abducens nerve, VI
motor, 1/6 extraocular move eyeball (lateral rectus muscle)
trochlear nerve, IV
motor, 1/6 extraocular move eyeball (superior oblique eye muscle)
oculomotor nerve, III
motor, control 4/6 extraocular muscle eye lens, info to intraocular (size of pupil and control shape)
Hypoglossal Nerve, XII
motor: muscles of the tongue
Assume in a laboratory you were able to isolate a neuron and remove the Acetylcholine receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. The substance _________________ would no longer cause facilitation of this neuron.
nicotine
The image illustrates the ___________ division of the ANS.
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?
parasympathetic
The ____________ exhibit receipt and association of general body sensations.
parietal lobes
Na+ diffusing into the cell causes more Na+ gates to open, which is a ______ feedback loop.
positive
Prior to the arrival of an action potential, the post-synaptic membrane is polar with a greater relative ________ charge to the ECF.
positive
The sensory neurons conduct action potentials through the ____________ of the spinal cord.
posterior root
In somatic neurons, an action potential arrives at the synapse causing synaptic vesicles to fuse with the _________ membrane.
pre-synaptic
The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
A functional brain region called the ______ cortex is involved with complex thought, judgment, and expression of personality.
prefrontal
After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the
primary auditory cortex
The following information best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential. • A membrane potential reading of +10 mV • Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels• Open voltage-gated potassium channels
repolarization
Circulating levels of sex hormones produced by the gonads of the _________ influence libido and the hypothalamic control of gonadotropins released from the brain
reproductive system
Regions of the brainstem influence the _________ by providing neural control of breathing.
respiratory system
The _________ formation processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli and sends inputs to the cerebrum to maintain alertness of the organism.
reticular
Light scattering in the eye is prevented by the...
retinal pigment epithelium
For example, this occurs when you step on a sharp object with your left foot and then contract the muscles in your ____________ leg to maintain balance as you withdraw from the damaging object.
right
A ____________ conducts action potentials from the stimulus site to the spinal cord.
sensory neuron
A dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of
sensory neurons
Action potentials travel along the length of these __________ neurons towards the central nervous system
sensory or afferent
A stimulus is detected by a ____________ .
sensory receptor
optic nerve, II
sensory, retina to brain for sight (color)
vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII
sensory, signal brain for balance (vestibular) and hearing (cochlear)
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. Multiple Choice
sensory; motor
Cocaine affects levels of the neurotransmitter(s)
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
The thalamus
serves as an information filter.
The impulse arrives relatively quickly to the heart as the remaining distance is comparatively ____________ to the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.
short
This continues until the traveling _________ reaches the end of the axon.
signal
The protective function of the ______ is best shown by the bony surroundings of the central nervous system.
skeletal system
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves innervate
skin and muscles of the back
Action potentials travel along the preganglionic nerve fiber and enter the ____________ .
sympathetic chain ganglion
The ____________ region of the spinal cord gives rise to twelve pairs of spinal nerves.
thoracic
Also known as the ____________ division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via many spinal nerves T1-L2.
thoracolumbar
The sympathetic division is also called what?
thoracolumbar division
Sensory receptors are found
throughout the body
What is the function of the Pons?
transfer information to the cerebellum as well as to control sleep and respiration.
Short wavelengths, from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.
true
A fly lands on a young woman's arm and depresses arm hairs with enough force to stimulate the ____________ surrounding the root.
unencapsulated hair receptors
Produced by the brain, antidiuretic hormone plays a vital role in the ________ by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidneys
urinary system
Action potentials travel down the preganglionic nerve fiber as part of the ____________ towards the effector organs.
vagus nerve
With membrane potentials approaching +35 mV, the _________ channels become fully activated.
voltage-regulated potassium
