A Writer's Reference G2
five
except the verb "be," how many forms does all verbs in English?
unidirectionality
flexible ties has what kind of directionality?
same
for all regular verbs, the past-tense and past-participle forms are the _______________
vector
force is an _____________ quantity
Fw(parallel)=Fw sin 0 Fw(perpendicular)=Fw cos 0
give the two component equations for parallel and perpendicular
load-bearing structure
guy wires supporting tall towers, chains connected to the seat of a playground swing, and cables holding suspended signs are examples of _________________ ___________; use tension to keep a load from moving away from a desired position
eight (be, am, is are, was, were, being, been)
how many forms does the verb "be" have?
kinetic friction
in the equation of friction, if the object is moving use the coefficient of (kinetic friction/static friction)
static friciton
in the equation of friction, if the object is stationary use the coefficient of (kinetic friction/static friction)
standard english
in writing, use ______________ __________ verb forms unless you are quoting nonstandard speech or using alternative forme for literary effect
third-person singular subjects
Use -s (-es) endings on present-tense verbs that have __________________ _________________ _______________
present
Use the _________________ tense when expressing general truths, when writing about literature, and when quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing an author's views {general truths and scientific principles, unless disproved, should appear in present tense}
indicative, imperative, subjunctive
What are the three moods?
progressive
a __________________________ verb consists of a form of be followed by a present participle; not normally used with certain verbs, such as believe, know, hear, and seem
translational equilibrium
a body that is not accelerating; if it is at rest, the body does not move; if it is moving, the body does not change direction or speed; possible only in the absence of a net force acting on the body; ∑F=0
0 (zero)
a body will accelerat only if ∑F≠_________
same
a force has the (same/different) direction as the motion it produces
principle of transmissibility
a force may be applied anywhere along its line of action without changing its effect
resultant
a single vector representing the same effect as concurrent vectors acting separately
Infinitive
bast form of a verb precede by "to"
past-participle
choose the (past-participle/past-tense) form if the verb in your sentence requires a helping verb
past-tense
choose the (past-participle/past-tense) if the verb does ot require a helping verb
The customer gently laid the iPad on the help desk counter
correct the following for incorrect usage of lie and lay: The customer gently lay the iPad on the help desk counter
Letters dating from 1915 were lying in a corner of the chest.
correct the following for incorrect usage of lie and lay: Letters dating from 1915 were laying in a corner of the chest.
Sue was so exhausted that she lay down for a nap.
correct the following for incorrect usage of lie and lay: Sue was so exhausted that she laid down for a nap.
That patient had lain in an uncomfortable position all night.
correct the following for incorrect usage of lie and lay: That patient had laid in an uncomfortable position all night.
simple tenses
indicate relatively simple time relations
tense
indicates the time of action in relation to the time of the speaking or writing about that action; classified as present, past, and future, with simple, perfect, and progressive forms of each
simple present
is used primarily for actions occurring at the same time they are being discussed or for actions occurring regularly
free-body diagram
shows all of the forces acting on a body; isolation from all other bodies
vector
since friction (Ff) is a force, it may be represented by a ________-
lower
sine the incline does not support all of the block's weight, the normal force and friction will be (higher/lower) than if the block sat on a flat surface
past perfect
the _______ _____________ tense consists of a past participle preceded by "had"; action already completed by the time of another past action or for an action already completed at some specific past time.
downward; center of earth
the direction of any vector representing weight (Fw) is (upward/downward) towards the __________ ___ ________
drag
the fluid exerts a force on the object in the opposite direction of the object's velocity
Normal Force (Fn)
the force a surface exerts perpendicularly against an object's weight
equilibrant
the force that achieves equilibrium is directly opposite of the resultant; find the resultant then reverse its direction
tension
the force transmitted by a string or other connector; as the distance between the two particles increases, this attractive (or restorative) force increases until it balances the applied force
magnitudes
the relationship between friction force (horizontal) and the normal force (vertical) is a relationship between their _____________ not their directions
if; that
the subjunctive mood appears only in a few context: in contrary-to-fact clauses beginning with ________ or expressing a wish; in __________ clauses following verbs such as ask, insists, etc.
magnitude
the vector's ____________depends on the normal force (Fn) applied to the surface and on the coefficient of friction
parallel, perpendicular
to find the net force in the direction of motion, forces must be considered ________ and _______ to the incline
concurrent vectors
two or more vectors acting simultaneously upon the same point
present participle
use ________________ ___________________ (ending in -ing) for an action occurring at the same time as that of the sentence's verb
present
use ________________ infinitive to show action at the same time as or later than the action of the verb in the sentence
Past participle; present perfect
use the __________ ___________________ or the _____________ _______________ participle for an action occurring before that of the verb
perfect form
use the ____________ __________ of an infinitive for an action occurring earlier than that of the verb in the sentence.
simple past
used for actions completed in the past
simple future
used for actions that will occur in the future
indicative
used for facts, opinion, and questions
imperative
used for orders or advice
subjunctive
used in certain contexts to express wishes, requests, or conditions contrary to fact; present-tense verbs do not change form to indicate the number and person of the subject, it only uses the base form of the verb with all subjects
(1) following have, has, or had (2) following be, am, is, are, was, were, being, or been to form the passive voice (3) as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns
what are the three ways to used past participles?
EF=ma
what equation do you used if multiple forces act on a single object
Ff=uFn
what is the equation for friction
EFx=F-Ff=max
what is the equation for the sum of forces in the horizontal direction (x)
EFy=Fn-Fw=may
what is the equation for the sum of forces in the vertical direction (y)
shifing
what is the most common problem with tenses?
were
what is the only past-tense form of be in the subjunctive
Principia
what was Sir Issac Newton's book that had the laws of motion and universal gravitation in it;Newton's most famous work, detailing his findings on the laws of physics [Newton's also founded calculus, Newtonian reflector and a foundation of mathematical reasoning for the law of universal gravitation]
past tense
when the action occurred entirely in the past
regular
when the verb is __________________, both the past tense and past participle are formed by adding -ed (or -d) to the base form of the verb
subjunctive
which mood causes the most problems for writers?
Yesterday we saw a documentary about Isabel Allende.
Correct the following for past participle or past tense: Yesterday we seen a documentary about Isabel Allende.
By Friday, the stock market had fallen two hundred points.
Correct the following for past-participle or past-tense: By Friday, the stock market had fell two hundred points.
Sulfur dioxide turns leaves yellow, dissolves marble, and eats away iron and steel.
Correct the following sentence for Incorrect usage os -s (-es) endings on present-tense verbs that have third-person singular subjects: Sulfur dioxide turn leaves yellow, dissolve marble, and eat away iron and steel.
My neighbor drives to Marco Island every weekend.
Correct the following sentence for Incorrect usage os -s (-es) endings on present-tense verbs that have third-person singular subjects: My neighbor drive to Marco Island every weekend.
We have been in Chicago since last Tuesday.
Correct the following sentence for incorrect helping verbs and modal verbs: We been in Chicago since last Tuesday.
I prepare system specifications for every installation. (The pronoun I is first-person singular, so its verb does not require the -s)
Correct the following sentence for incorrect third-person singular verb usage: I prepares system specifications for every installation.
The wood floors require continual sweeping. (The -s ending is used only on present-tense verbs with third-person singular subjects)
Correct the following sentence for incorrect third-person singular verb usage: The wood floors requires continual sweeping.
Robin has asked the Office of Student Affairs for more housing staff for next year.
Correct the following sentence for incorrect usage of the past participle verb: Robin has ask the Office of Student Affairs for more housing staff for next year.
Though it is not a new phenomenon, domestic violence is now publicized more than ever.
Correct the following sentence for incorrect usage of the past participle verb: Though it is not a new phenomenon, domestic violence is now publicize more than ever.
Professor Moore insists that her students be on time
Correct the following sentence for incorrect usage of the subjunctive: Professor Moore insists that her students are on time
If I were a member of Congress, I would vote for that bill.
Correct the following sentence for incorrect usage of the subjunctive: If I was a member of Congress, I would vote for that bill.
The astronomers would be able to see the moons of Jupiter tonight if the weather were clearer.
Correct the following sentence for incorrect usage of the subjunctive: The astronomers would be able to see the moons of Jupiter tonight if the weather was clearer.
We recommended that Lambert file form 1050 soon.
Correct the following sentence for incorrect usage of the subjunctive: We recommended that Lambert files form 1050 soon.
Dr. Jerome Groopman argues that doctors are "susceptible to the subtle and not so subtle effects of the pharmaceutical industry to sculpt our thinking" (9).
Correct the following sentence for special uses of the present tense: Dr. Jerome Groopman argued that doctors are "susceptible to the subtle and not so subtle effects of the pharmaceutical industry to sculpt our thinking" (9).
opposite
The vector's (Friction) motion is always (same/opposite) to motion
In Masuji Ibuse's Black Rain, a child reaches for a pomegranate in his other's garden, and a moment later he is dead, killed by the blast of the atomic bomb.
Correct the following sentence for special uses of the present tense: In Masuji Ibuse's Black Rain, a child reached for a pomegranate in his other's garden, and a moment later he was dead, killed by the blast of the atomic bomb.
Galileo taught that the earth revolves around the sun
Correct the following sentence for special uses of the present tense: Galileo taught that the earth revolved around the sun
Ptolemy taught that the sun revolved around the earth
Correct the following sentence for special uses of the present tense: Ptolemy taught that the sun revolves around the earth
Sherman Alexie is a Native American author whose stories have been made into a film.
Correct the following sentence of omission of needed verbs: Sherman Alexie a Native American author whose stories have been made into a film.
When we are quiet in the evening, we can hear the crickets.
Correct the following sentence of omission of needed verbs: When we quiet in the evening, we can hear the crickets.
Barb had hoped to pay the bill by May 1.
Correct the following usages in infinitives: Barb had hoped to have paid the bill by May 1.
Dan would like to have joined the navy, but he could not swim.
Correct the following usages in infinitives: Dan would like to join the navy, but he could not swim.
center of gravity (CG)
(center) point of balance
perfect tenses
A verb in one of the _______________ ___________ (a form of Have plus the past participle) expresses an action that was or will be completed at the time of another action.
BASE FORM; PAST TENSE; PAST PARTICIPLE arise; arose; arisen awake; awoke, awaked; awaked, awoke, awoken be; was, were; been beat; beat; beaten, beat become; became; become begin; began; begun bend; bent; bent bite; bit; bitten, bit blow; blew; blown break; broke; broken go; went; gone fly; flew; flown
BE AWARE of the base form, past tense, and past participle forms on pages 197-199
By the time dinner was served, the guest of honor had left.
Correct the following for incorrect usage of past perfect tense: By the time dinner was served, the guest of honor left.
When Ernest Hemingway lived in Cuba, he wrote "For Whom the Bell Tolls."
Correct the following for incorrect usage of past perfect tense: When Ernest Hemingway lived in Cuba, he had written "For Whom the Bell Tolls."
Last summer, my counselor advised me to ask my graphic arts instructor for a recommendation.
Correct the following for incorrect usage of past tense regular verbs: Last summer, my counselor advise me to ask my graphic arts instructor for a recommendation.
In 1998, journalist Barbara Ehrenreich decided to try to live on minimum wage
Correct the following for incorrect usage of past tense regular verbs: In 1998, journalist Barbara Ehrenreich decide to try to live on minimum wage
The truck was apparently stolen while the driver ate lunch.
Correct the following for past participle or past tense: The truck was apparently stole while the driver ate lunch.
true
T/F: 0=β and is true for all inclines
false (DO0
T/F: Do not use the subjunctive were in clauses expressing a wish or desire
true
T/F: Helping verbs, used with main verbs, include forms of be, do, and have, and modal verbs can, will, shall, could, would, should, may, might, and must
False (Do not)
T/F: add the -s ending to the verb if the subject is not third-person singular
True
T/F: choose standard English forms of irregular verbs
True
T/F: do NOT omit -ed endings on the verbs
true
T/F: if forces are applied at an angle to an object on a horizontal surface these forces will act to change the normal force
False
T/F: it is uncommon to misspeak and leave off the -ed ending and still write is correctly with the correct ending
false (without a helping verb; alone)
T/F: the past-tense form always occurs WITH A HELPING VERB
false (the are dependent of each other)
T/F: the relationship between friction and normal force is independent of each other
true
T/F: the subjunctive mood, one more widely used, remains in certain set expressions: be that as it may, as it were, far be ti from me, and so on
true
T/F: vertical and horizontal force vectors are independent and cannot be combined with each other into the same equation
True
T/F: when a subordinate clause begins with an "if" expressing of a condition contrary to face, use the subjunctive "were" in place of "was"
true
T/F: when documenting papers with the APA style of in-tect citations, use past tense verbs such as reported or demostrated or present perfect verbs to introduce the source
be
linking verbs are frequently forms of _______; forms could be contracted by should not be omitted together
BASE; PAST TENSE; PAST PARTICIPLE; PRESENT PART. Lie (recline); lay; lain; lying lay (put) laid; laid; laying
list the base, past tense, past participle, and present participle forms of (1) lie and (2) lay
lay
means to put or place something; transitive and takes a direct object [Please ____ the tax forms on the table
lie
means to recline or rest on a surface; an intransitive verb that does not take a direct object [Ex: the tax forms ______ on the table]
