A210 Anatomy Chapter 19 Review

True or false: Each hemoglobin molecule consists of 6 protein (globin) chains and 6 heme groups.

FALSE: Hemoglobin consists of 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups.

The heart and blood vessels belong to the ______.

cardiovascular system

Platelets are best described as ______.

cell fragments

Packed cell volume, the percentage of the blood volume composed of RBCs, is also called ______.

hematocrit

Neutrophils produce disinfectant chemicals including ______.

hypochlorite hydrogen peroxide superoxide

Within the leukocytes, the chemicals and enzymes used to fight pathogens are found:

in the granules (Keep in mind that all leukocytes, including agranulocytes, contain cytoplasmic granules. The difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes is whether the granules are VISIBLE under a light microscope.)

Lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes are all examples of ______.

leukocytes

The formed elements that provide protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens are called ______.

leukocytes

A giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets is called a _______.

megakaryocyte

Plasma proteins perform many roles including ______.

mineral transport blood clotting defense

Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes?

monocytes and lymphocytes

Eosinophils are found in small numbers in blood but are abundant in ______.

mucous membranes

The production of leukocytes, leukopoiesis, begins with hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into three cell lines. Granulocytes are produced from ______.

myeloblasts

This type of leukocyte is a very aggressive antibacterial cell.

neutrophil

Which is the most common leukocyte?

neutrophil

Within a healthy individual, the most abundant leukocyte is the __________ and the least abundant leukocyte is the ________.

neutrophil basophil

Sixty to seventy percent of the leukocytes are ______.

neutrophils

"A light yellow fluid in which suspends the formed elements and clotting precursors" describes the ______.

plasma

The matrix of the blood is the ______.

plasma

Clotting, defense, and transport of minerals and hydrophobic hormones are all functions of ______.

plasma proteins

Hemostasis, the cessation of bleeding, is a complex process that involves small formed elements called ______.

platelets

The second most abundant formed elements after the erythrocytes are the ______.

platelets

The _________ function of the circulatory system involves the platelets which secrete factors to initiate blood clotting to decrease blood loss.

protection

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are called granulocytes because ______.

they contain specific secretory granules

WBCs and platelets make up about ______ of the total blood volume.

1 %

T/F: Thrombopoiesis is the process of platelet production.

TRUE

T/F: When spun in a centrifuge, blood is separated into plasma and formed elements.

TRUE

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Indicate which represents the smallest proportion of the blood by percent volume.

WBCs and platelets

ABO blood groups lead to blood types A, B, AB, and O. These groups _____.

are determined by genes

Leukopoiesis begins with stem cells located in the ______.

bone marrow

Platelets are not cells but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes found in the ______.

bone marrow

Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______.

four globin chains and four heme groups

Leukocytes can be divided into ______.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Leukocytes ______.

have conspicuous nuclei protect us against pathogens

An erythrocyte usually lasts in the circulation for about ______ days.

120

Most adults have ______ liters of blood.

4-6

An important clinical estimate of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is the red blood cell count expressed as the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood. Normal values for this are ______.

4.2 to 5.4 million/microliter in women and 4.6 to 6.2 million/microliter in men

Genetically determined blood groups include ______.

A, B, AB, O, Rh positive

Eosinophils

Attacks parasites and phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory agents. Nucleus with two large lobes and appearance of large orange-pink specific granules.

Which best describes a red blood cell?

Biconcave, anucleate cell approximately 7.5 microns in diameter

Which component of blood transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Erythrocytes

True or false: All leukocytes are roughly the same size and shape and carry out the same functions.

FALSE: Leukocytes are distinguished from one another by their relative size and abundance, the size and shape of their nuclei, the presence/absence/color of cytoplasmic granules, and, most importantly, their function.

Describe megakaryocytes.

Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

Name the function of the granules found in the cytoplasm of the WBCs.

Granules contain enzymes and chemicals to fight pathogens.

This is the least abundant formed element, yet incredibly value for life because of the ability to fight infection.

Leukocyte

Leukocytes that phagocytize bacteria and produce toxic chemicals are called ______.

Neutrophils

Place the specific leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant in a healthy individual.

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

List the white blood cells that are classified as granulocytes?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

An adult patient is brought into the emergency room of a local hospital. The EMTs report the patient lost about 300 cc (cubic centimeters or milliliters) of blood. Is this life-threatening?

No, most adults have 4-6 liters of blood so a loss of 300 cc would not be life threatening.

Neutrophils

Phagocytizes bacteria and secretes antimicrobial agents. Nucleus with 2-5 lobes and appearance of reddish to violet specific granules.

Monocytes

Phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris. Ovoid or kidney shaped nucleus with sparse, fine non-specific granules.

Which of the following lists all of the formed element(s) of the blood?

Platelets, red and white blood cells

Leukocytes are similar and yet they vary in many ways. Identify the characteristic shared by all leukocytes.

Presence of a nucleus While all leukocytes have a nucleus, the size and shape of the nucleus varies.

Lymphocytes

Secretes antibodies, destroys cancer cells and promotes immune memory. Nucleus that typically fills most of the cytoplasm that is round or ovoid.

Basophils

Secretes histamine and heparin. Irregular shaped nucleus frequently obscured from view due to course, abundant dark violet specific granules.

T/F: Hemopoiesis and hematopoiesis are interchangeable when talking about the production of blood.

TRUE

T/F: The primary function of erythrocytes is to carry oxygen from the lungs and bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

TRUE

When numbers of this type of leukocyte are high, it could be indicative of chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes.

basophil

Leukocytes that secrete heparin and histamine are called ______.

basophils

While the cardiovascular system refers to the heart and blood vessels, the circulatory system also includes the _____.

blood

Leukocytes retain organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, and golgi complex. This means that unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes ______.

can synthesize proteins

The leukocyte that typically has a bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand and orange-pink granules in the cytoplasm is the ______.

eosinophil

Leukocytes that rise in allergies and parasitic infections are called ______.

eosinophils

What are the formed elements of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets