AA Test 3

Counter-Reformation (17)

also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation

Reliquary (15)

also referred to as a shrine

Pompeii (17)

an ancient Roman city near modern Naples in the Campania region of Italy, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was buried under 4 to 6 m of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.

Ijele Masquerade at an Igbo Second Burial Ceremony (18)

at an Igbo second burial ceremony, Achalla, Nigeria, 1983

8. During the Renaissance, this artist attempted to mesh Italian ideas and discoveries with the Northern love of meticulous observation and detail, his name is:

Albrecht Durer

3. The chances that a work of art from ancient times will be found or preserved are greatly increased if:

All of these answers are correct

International Style (13)

A style that prevailed after World War II as the aesthetic of earlier Modernist movements such as de Stijl and the Bauhaus spread throughout the West and beyond. International style buildings are generally characterized by clean lines, rectangular geometric shapes, minimal ornamentation, and steel-and-glass construction.

Greek Bronze Sculpture (14)

A style that the Romans copied from the Greek, An example of this is the Laocoon Group.

Masquerade (18)

African masquerades range from sacred and secret performances before a small group of initiates to public spectacles that verge on secular entertainment, though no masquerade is ever entirely secular. The largest masquerades may be performed in stages over many days and feature dozens of masks. Spirits of nature and natural forces; spirits of ancestors and of the recent dead; spirits of human types or social roles such as young maidens, blacksmiths, and farmers; spirits of abstract ideas such as beauty or fertility or wisdom—all may put in an appearance. Our knowledge of this rich and varied art form comes largely from Western researchers such as anthropologists and art historians, who over the past century have spent time "in the field"—that is, in various African communities, where they observe, photograph, and document the performances. Yet the nature of masquerades is such that often the observers have found themselves to be the observed.

Dome (13)

A curved vault built to cover an interior space. In architecture, a convex, evenly curved roof; technically, an arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical axis. Like an arch, a dome may be hemispherical or pointed.

Taj Mahal (13)

A famous example of a building crowned by an ornamental dome.The Taj Mahal was built in the mid-17th century by the Muslim emperor of India, Shah Jahan, as a tomb for his beloved wife, Arjumand Banu. Although the Taj is nearly as large as Hagia Sophia and possessed of a dome rising some 30 feet higher, it seems comparatively fragile and weightless. Nearly all its exterior lines reach upward, from the graceful pointed arches, to the pointed dome, to the four slender minarets poised at the outside corners. The Taj Mahal, constructed entirely of pure white marble, appears almost as a shimmering mirage that has come to rest for a moment beside the peaceful reflecting pool.The section drawing clarifies how the dome is constructed. Over the underground burial chambers of Shah Jahan and his wife, the large central room of the tomb rises to a domed ceiling. Over this, on the roof of the building, sits a tall drum crowned by a pointed dome. A small entryway gives access to the inside for maintenance purposes, but it is not meant to be visited. The exterior is shaped in a graceful, bulging S-curve silhouette that obscures the actual drum-and-dome structure evident in the cutaway view.

Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard, by Rembrandt (17)

A famous group portrait where Rembrandt incorporated this lighting into his own personal style.

Reformation (16)

A movement started by Luther which would permanently divide Europe into Protestant and Catholic countries.

Ornament From Tomb of Queen Amanishakheto (18)

A sensitively modeled ram's head protrudes from the center of the ornament, a symbol in Kush, as in Egypt, of the solar deity Amun. Over the ram's head, the disk of the sun rises before a faithful representation of an entryway to a Kushan temple.

Age of Rococo (17)

A style of art popular in Europe in the first three quarters of the 18th century. Rococo architecture and furnishings emphasized ornate but small-scale decoration, curvilinear forms, and pastel colors. Rococo painting, also tending toward the use of pastels, has a playful, lighthearted, romantic quality and often pictures the aristocracy at leisure.

Bahram Gur and the Princess in the Black Pavilion (18)

Although the Qur'an could not be illustrated with images, other books could. Books were the major artistic outlet for painters in Islamic culture. Working with the finest pigments and brushes that tapered to a single hair, artists created scenes of entrancing detail such as Bahram Gur and the Princess in the Black Pavilion (18.7). Bahram Gur was a pre-Islamic Persian king whose legendary exploits were often recounted in poetry. Haft Manzar ("seven portraits"), by the 16th-century Persian poet Hatifi, tells of Bahram Gur's infatuation with the portraits of seven princesses. He eventually wins them all and builds for each a pavilion decorated in a different color. The Russian princess is housed in a red pavilion, the Greek princess in a white one. Here, Bahram Gur visits the Indian princess in her black pavilion.

Jacques-Louis David (Neoclassicism) (17)

Among the many young artists who flocked to Italy to absorb the influence at first hand was this young painter. Upon his return to France, he quickly established himself as an artist of great potential, and it was none other than the new king, Louis XVI, who commissioned his first resounding critical success, The Oath of the Horatii.

Pont de Gard at Nimes (13)

Among the most elegant and enduring of Roman structures based on the arch (in France), built about 15 c.e. when the empire was nearing its farthest expansion. This consists of three tiers of arcades—(rows of arches set on columns or, as here, massive piers). It functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to transport water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it stands today virtually intact after nearly two thousand years (and is crossed by cyclists on the route of the famous Tour de France bicycle race) testifies to the Romans' brilliant engineering skills. Visually, this exemplifies the best qualities of arch construction. Solid and heavy, obviously durable, it is shot through with open spaces that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capabilities effortless

Geodesic Dome (13)

An architectural structure invented by R. Buckminster Fuller, based on triangles arranged into tetrahedrons (four-faceted solids).

Neolithic Architecture (14)

An example of this is stonehenge.

Gothic Architecture (15)

Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches

Organic Architecture (13)

Architecture that uses organic shapes over geometric shapes.

Vigee-Lebrun (17)

Artist of "Marie-Antoinette and her children,1787" with efforts to repair Marie's reputation.

Dome in Front of Mihrab, Great Mosque (18)

Cultural exchange between Islam and Byzantium can be seen again in the Great Mosque at Córdoba, in Spain. The illustration here shows the dome before the mihrab. Eight intersecting arches rising from an octagonal base lift a fluted, melon-shaped dome over the hall below. Light entering through windows opened up by the arches plays over the glittering gold mosaics that cover the interior. Gold mosaics may remind you of Byzantine churches. In fact, the 10th-century ruler who commissioned the mosaics sent an ambassador to the Byzantine emperor requesting a master artisan to oversee the work. The emperor reportedly sent him not only the artisan but also a gift of 35,000 pounds of mosaic tesserae.

Eiffel Tower, by Gustave Eiffel (13)

Gustave Eiffel, a French engineer, proposed to build in the center of Paris a skeleton iron tower, nearly a thousand feet tall, to act as a centerpiece for the Paris World's Fair of 1889. Nothing of the sort had ever been suggested, much less built. In spite of loud protests, the Eiffel Tower was constructed, at a cost of about a million dollars—an unheard-of sum for those times. It rises on four arched columns, which curve inward until they meet in a single tower thrusting up boldly above the cityscape of Paris.

Ijele (18)

Even our preconceived ideas of what a mask is must be discarded when faced with the extraordinary spectacle of ijele (18.18). The most honored mask of the Igbo people of Nigeria, ijele appears at the funeral of an especially important man, welcoming his spirit to the other world and easing his transition from one stage of being to the next. The meanings of ijele are fluid and layered. In its towering aspect, ijele resembles an anthill—structures that in Africa may reach a height of 8 feet and which the Igbo regard as porches to the spirit world. Ijele is also a venerable tree, the symbol of life beneath whose branches wise elders meet to discuss weighty matters. Amid the tassels, mirrors, and flowers on ijele's "branches" are numerous sculpted figures of people, animals, and other masks—a virtual catalog of the Igbo and their world. Multiple large eyes suggest the watchfulness of the ever-present (though usually invisible) community of spirits. Majestic in appearance, ijele nevertheless moves with great energy, dipping, whirling, shaking, and turning. It is the great tree of meaning—of life itself—appearing briefly in the human community.

Calligraphy (18)

From the Greek for "beautiful writing," handwriting considered as an art, especially as practiced in China, Japan, and Islamic cultures.

Sfumato (16)

From the Italian word for "smoke," a technique of painting in thin glazes to achieve a hazy, cloudy atmosphere, often to represent objects or landscape meant to be perceived as distant from the picture plane.

Fallingwater, by Frank Lloyd Wright (13)

The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright made poetic use of the cantilever in one of his greatest works, the Edgar J. Kaufmann House, popularly known as Fallingwater. Wright designed this for a wooded site beside a stream with a little waterfall. His clients, the Kaufmann family, assumed he would design a house with a view of the waterfall. Instead, Wright set the house over the falls, so that the sound of the water would become part of their lives. The vertical core of the house is made from stone quarried nearby, giving Fallingwater a conceptual as well as a visual unity with the landscape around it. Cantilevered terraces made of reinforced concrete project boldly outward from the core. Two of them seem to hover directly over the waterfall, rhythmically echoing the natural cantilever of its massive stone ledge.

6. During the Middle Ages, monks copied Christian scriptures by hand, and they also added decorations and illustrations known as:

Illuminations

Entasis (14)

In Classical architecture, the slight swelling or bulge built into the center of a column to make the column seem straight visually.

tensile strength (13)

In architecture, the ability of a material to withstand tension and thus to span horizontal distances without continuous support from beneath.

Narthex (15)

In early Christian architecture, the porch or vestibule serving as an entryway to a church.

Iron Construction (13)

Iron had been known for thousands of years and had been used for tools and objects of all kinds, but only after the Industrial Revolution was it produced in sufficient quantity to be used as a building material. The structural value of iron was demonstrated brilliantly in a project that few contemporary observers took seriously.

Neoclassicism (17)

Literally "new classicism," a Western movement in painting, sculpture, and architecture of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that looked to the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. Neoclassical artists worked in a variety of individual styles, but in general, like any art labeled Classical, Neoclassical art emphasized order, clarity, and restraint.

Renaissance (16)

Means "re-birth" , and refers to the revival of interest in ancient greek and Roman culture that is one of the key characteristics of the period, it brought vast changes to the world of art. The period in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century, characterized by a renewed interest in Classical art, architecture, literature, and philosophy. The Renaissance began in Italy and gradually spread to the rest of Europe. In art, it is most closely associated with Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

12. The Art of Africa often serves as an agent to bring about some desired state of affairs, usually through contact with spirit powers; among the most well known of these power figures are the:

Minkisi

10. This acclaimed French painter of the 17th century believed that the highest purpose of art was to represent noble and serious human actions - his name is:

Nicholas Poussin

Buckminster Fuller (13)

Of all the structural systems, probably the only one that can be attributed to a single individual is the geodesic dome, which was developed by this American architectural engineer.

Baroque Style (17)

The period of European history from the 17th through the early 18th century, and the styles of art that flourished during it. Originating in Rome and associated at first with the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church, the dominant style of Baroque art was characterized by dramatic use of light, bold colors and value contrasts, emotionalism, a tendency to push into the viewer's space, and an overall theatricality. Pictorial composition often emphasized a diagonal axis, and sculpture, painting, and architecture were often combined to create ornate and impressive settings.

Medici Family (16)

The ruling merchant family of Florence.

2. One of the most noteworthy structure that utilizes suspension construction is:

The Golden Gate Bridge

Neo- Platonism (16)

The Medici sponsored an Academy—a sort of discussion group—where humanist scholars and artists met to discuss Classical culture and its relationship to Christianity. The reconciliation of these two systems of thought gave rise to a philosophy known as this, after the Greek philosopher Plato.

Clerestory (15)

The topmost part of a wall, extending above flanking elements such as aisles, and set with windows to admit light. In a basilica or church, the clerestory is the topmost zone of the nave.

Tomb of Tutankhamun, Howard Carter (14)

The treasures of this tomb were intact after three thousand years, and in 1922 when it was opened, it was rejoiced around the world.

Kingdom of Kush (18)

The most famous Nubian kingdom, which rose to prominence during the 10th century b.c.e. and lasted for over 1,400 years.

Stonehenge (14)

The most famous work of neolithic architecture in Europe.

Structural Systems (13)

The 2 basic families of this are: the shell system and the skeleton and skin system.

Colosseum (14)

The very symbol of Rome.This monument was planned under the emperor Vespasian and dedicated in 80 c.e. as an amphitheater for gladiatorial games and public entertainments. A large oval covering 6 acres, it could accommodate some 50,000 spectators—about the same number as most major-league baseball stadiums today. Few of the games played inside, however, were as tame as baseball. Gladiators vied with one another and with wild animals in bloody and gruesome contests.

Mihrab (18)

The wall muslims face during prayer.

11. What is the name of the holy book of Islam?

The Qur'an

Venus (16)

The Roman goddess of love and beauty.In Neo-Platonic thought, she was identified with both Eve and the Virgin Mary; her birth from the water was related to the baptism of Christ by John the Baptist.

The Great Sphinx of Giza (14)

The Sphinx has the body of a reclining lion and the head of a man, thought to be the pharaoh Khafre, whose pyramid tomb is nearby. Egyptian kings ruled absolutely and enjoyed a semi-divine status, taking their authority from the sun god, Ra, from whom they were assumed to be descended. Both power and continuity are embodied in this splendid monument.

Palace Chapel at Aachen (15)

The basic plan of the chapel was probably inspired by San Vitale in Ravenna, which Charlemagne had visited several times. It was an appropriate choice for a ruler determined to revive the idea of the Roman Empire. Like San Vitale, the chapel consists of a domed octagonal core with a surrounding aisle and upper gallery. But Charlemagne's architects created a weightier and more rectilinear interior featuring Roman arches set on massive piers, and they covered the aisles with stone vaulting. The central plan of Charlemagne's chapel links it to the many central-plan churches of the Byzantine Empire to the east. The Roman arches, massive piers, and stone vaulting, in contrast, foretell the next style to emerge in Europe, the Romanesque.

Michelangelo (16)

The ceiling frescoes were an immediate success, and this artist continued as a papal favorite, although his commissions were not always in his preferred line. Just as Pope Julius had urged the sculptor to work as a painter, one of Julius' successors, Pope Paul III, encouraged the sculptor to work as an architect. In 1546 Paul named him the official architect of the new St. Peter's, one of the four most important churches in Rome. (St.Peters Basilica)

Genre Painting (17)

The daily lives of ordinary people considered as subject matter for art. Also, genre painting, painting that takes daily life for its subject.

Naturalism (14)

The depiction of realistic objects in natural settings.

Mummy (14)

The embalmed body of a dead human being pulled out of a coffin so the coffin and sometimes the body itself can be marveled.

Qur'an (18)

The holy book of Islam.

Death of Marat (17)

The leaders of the French Revolution continued to evoke the example of Rome and to admire Roman civic virtues. Neoclassicism became the official style of the Revolution and Jacques-Louis David its official artist. David served the Revolution as propaganda minister and director of festivals. As a deputy to the Convention of 1792, he was among those who voted to send his former patron Louis XVI to the guillotine. One of the events orchestrated by David was the funeral of the revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat. David staged the exhibition of Marat's embalmed cadaver to the public, and he memorialized the leader's death in what has become his most famous painting, The Death of Marat.

Chartres Cathedral (15)

This cathedral shows the soaring quality of Gothic architecture. Here, the unadorned, earthbound masses of the Romanesque have given way to ornate, linear, vertical elements that direct the eye upward. Clearly visible are the flying buttresses that line the nave and apse to contain the outward thrust of the walls. Because portions of Chartres were built at different times, the cathedral also allows us to see something of the evolution of Gothic style. For example, the first thing most people notice about the facade of the cathedral (15.19) is the mismatched corner towers and spires. The north (left) tower was built first, between 1134 and 1150. Its plain, unadorned surfaces and solid masses are still fundamentally Romanesque. The south (right) tower and its spire were completed next, between 1142 and 1160. Designed in the very earliest Gothic style, they are conceived so that each level grows out of the one before, and all the elements work together to lead the eye upward.

The Reliquary Statue of Saint Foy (15)

This is a fine example of the treasures that were offered to and displayed in medieval churches.

Limbourg Brothers (16)

This view of everyday life focuses on a small peasant hut with its occupants clustered around the fire, their garments pulled back to get maximum benefit from the warmth. With a touch of artistic license, the Limbourgs have removed the front wall of the hut so we can look in. Outside the cozy hut we see what may be the earliest snow-covered landscape in Western art. Sheep cluster in their enclosure, a peasant comes rushing across the barnyard pulling his cloak about his face to keep in the warm breath. From there the movement progresses diagonally up the slope to a man chopping firewood, another urging a donkey uphill, and finally the church at the top. The Limbourgs' manuscript marks a high point in a medieval tradition dating back hundreds of years (see 15.12). Within a few decades, however, the printing press would be invented, and the practice of copying and illustrating books by hand would gradually die out.

5. The cross-shaped floor plan of a church is formed by the combined elements of the nave and the:

Transept

7. In Neo-Platonic thought, the Biblical character of Eve was identified with:

Venus

1. Using a steel framework with masonry sheathing, this building, designed by Louis Sullivan, is thought by many to be the first genuinely modern building:

Wainwright building

Christ Entering Jerusalem, by Duccio (15)

What is most interesting about this painting is Duccio's attempt to create believable space in a large outdoor scene—a concern that would absorb painters of the next century. Christ's entry into the city, celebrated now on Palm Sunday, was thought of as a triumphal procession, and Duccio has labored to convey the sense of movement and parade. A strong diagonal thrust beginning at the left with Christ and his disciples cuts across the picture to the middle right, then shifts abruptly to carry our attention to the upper left corner of the painting—a church tower that is Christ's presumed goal. The architecture plays an important role in defining space and directing movement. This was Duccio's novel, almost unprecedented, contribution to the art of the period, the use of architecture to demarcate space rather than to act as a simple backdrop.

Wainwright Building, by Louis Sullivan (13)

What many consider to be the first genuinely modern building.The message is subtle, but we cannot mistake it: the nation had stopped growing outward and started growing up

Conditions for preserving works of art (14)

Working with durable materials, the local environment, organization, and placing the art in places with limited or no accessibility like tombs and underground caves.

4. The largest structure in a Sumerian city was a temple or shrine known as a:

Ziggurat

Leonardo da Vinci (16)

a painter, inventor, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, musician, and all-round intellectual. He is the artist who most embodies the term "Renaissance man"; many people consider him to have been the greatest genius who ever lived.

9.The following characteristics are all typical of Italian Baroque art EXCEPT:

classic simplicity

Memento Mori (16)

latin for "remember you must die"

Fresco (16)

mural

Flattened Abstract Style (15)

striving to portray often complex religious doctrines and beliefs, not scenes from daily life. Their subject was not the impermanent Earthly world of the flesh but the eternal and sacred world of the spirit. By de-emphasizing the roundness, the weight, the "hereness" of human bodies in this world, they emphasize that what we are looking at is not in fact here, but there. The glittering gold background of the mosaics is typical, and it sets the figures in a Byzantine vision of heavenly splendor.

Transept and Nave Configuration (15)

transept-The arm of a cruciform church perpendicular to the nave. The transept often marks the beginning of the apse. nave-In an ancient Roman basilica, the taller central space flanked by aisles. In a cruciform church, the long space flanked by aisles and leading from the entrance to the transept.