AAMI Pathology for Embalmers Unit 7

Gigantism

- the hypersecretion during childhood causes an abnormal increase in the length of long bones. - the growth hormone helps to stimulate growth and repair of various body tissues.

Hyperparathyroidism

- the increase in the hormone PTH is usually due to a tumor of one of the parathyroid glands. - as the calcium rises, the phosphate level falls

Cretinism

a congenital thyroid deficiency in which thyroxin is not synthesized. The hyposecretion of the hormone is present at birth.

Hypocalcemia

a decreased level of calcium

Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome

a disease of the adrenal glands caused by the bacterium neisseria meningitidis. The infection leads to massive hemorrhage into one or usually both adrenal glands.

Dwarfism

a person with this disease is usually quite small, under 4'10 as an adult

Tetany

an abnormal sustained muscular contraction

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

chronic alcohol abuse, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus all increase the risk of this disease?

Hyperadrenalism

cushings syndrome is a form of?

Before

does gigantism occur before or after puberty?

Acromegaly

enlarged extremities or enlarged hands and feet.

Hypersecretion

excessive release of a hormone

Dehydration

excessive water loss could very quickly lead to _______?

Acromegaly

features of the face become, coarsened; the nose and lips enlarge, the lower jaw protrudes producing an overbite that interferes with chewing.

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

great pain is experienced as the tumor grows.

Glycosuria

hyperglycemia leads to excess sugars showing in the urine called?

Graves Disease

hypersecretion of the thyroid hormones

Myxedema

hyposecretion of thyroxin (T4) found in predominately in adult life (30-60)

Diabetes Mellitus

important signs of this disease include: - hypoglycemia - glycosuria - polyuria

Acromegaly

in this disease the bones of the hands, feet, and face enlarge.

Addisons Disease

in this disease the hormones which are involved in controlling water and salt levels in the body are primarily affected.

Hyposecretion

inadequate release of a hormone

Simple Goiter

increase in the size of the thyroid gland resulting from an iodine deficiency.

Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome

is often a fulminating infection characterized by numerous hemorrhages into the skin, as well as severe adrenal hemorrhage, with rapid circulatory failure and death.

Females, Males

myxedema occurs about 5 times more in _______ than in ______

2

newborns are routinely tested for hypothyroidism within _____ days of birth.

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

obstruction in the bile ducts leads to jaundice and impairs digestion because the bile and pancreatic juice cannot enter the duodenum causing malabsorption of fat and clay colored stools.

Diabetes Mellitus

often referred to as sugar diabetes

Cushings Syndrome

one of the common conditions affecting the adrenal glands.

Dwarfism

people with this disease resemble a normally developed child, but do not develop secondary sexual characteristics

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

prognosis is poor and death occurs in a relatively short period of time.

Hypercalcemia

raises the level of circulating calcium above normal

Cushings Syndrome

results from a hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.

Gigantism

results from a hypersecretion of the growth hormone that occurs before puberty resulting in a abnormally tall person.

Addisons Disease

results from a hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone due to failure of the adrenal cortex.

Dwarfism

results from a hyposecretion of the growth hormone during growth years which slows bone growth, and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached. It occurs prior to ossification.

Hypoparathyroidism

results from decreased levels of PTH which decreases the level of calcium known as hypocalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism

results from increased levels of parathormone (parathyroid hormone, PTH) which raises the level of circulating calcium above normal resulting in a condition known as hypercalcemia.

Diabetes Mellitus

results from the failure of the endocrine portion of the pancreas to secret proper amounts of insulin.

Simple Goiter

simply an enlarged thyroid gland

Addisons Disease

symptoms of this disease: - digestive disturbances - anorexia - nausea and vomiting - weight loss - hypoglycemia - muscular weakness

Acromegaly

take on a "lion faced" appearance.

Polydipsia

the body compensates for the loss of water through an insatiable thirst known as?

Hypercalcemia

the effects of _______ - softening and weakening of the bone - spontaneous fractures - kidney stone formation - hardening of the arteries - irregular heartbeats

Water

the glucose in the blood acts as a diuretic and additional _______ is needed to carry the glucose out of the body.

Anterior

the isthmus of the thyroid gland is located ______ to the trachea.

Posterior

the parathyroid gland is embedded in the ______ surface of the thyroid gland.

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

the person cannot absorb sufficient nutrients and calories, therefore loses weight.

Hyperglycemia

the presence of excess sugars in the blood.

Acromegaly

the skin and tongue thicken resulting in slurred speech.

Inferior

the thyroid gland is located just _______ to the larynx.

Thyroxin Therapy

the treatment for myxedema is?

Adrenal

these glands are two small glands that are situated above the kidneys which secrete a variety of steroid hormones called steroids.

Parathyroid

these glands four tiny glands that are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Mineralocorticoids

these hormones, which include aldosterone, maintain your body's balance of sodium and potassium to keep your blood pressure normal.

Glucocorticoids

these hormones, which include cortisol, influence your body's ability to convert food fuels into energy, play a role in your immune system's inflammatory response and help your body respond to stress.

Androgens

these male sex hormones are produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands in both men and women. They cause sexual development in men and influence muscle mass, libido, and a sense of well being in both men and women.

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

this disease has a high mortality rate

Diabetes Insipidus

this disease involves the failure of the posterior lobe to secrete a proper amount of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Myxedema

this disease is characterized by: - bloated face, thick tongue, eyelids are puffy - skin is dry and scaly - little perspiration - no tolerance of a cold environment - mental and physical processes are sluggish (general lethargy) because the brain has already reached maturity, mental retardation does not occur, but the person may be less alert. - has a tendency to gain weight easily - speech is slurred - heart rate is decreased

Cushings Syndrome

this disease is characterized by: - increased blood sugar - retention of salt and water resulting in hypertension - obesity occurs on the trunk of the body, resulting in the buildup of a fatty pad over the shoulders and upper back "buffalo hump" - person tends to bruise easily and wound healing is poor - osteoporosis - increase susceptibility to infection - mood swings - muscular weakness and fatigue - moon-shaped face

Cretinism

this disease is characterized by: - severe mental retardation and stunted bone growth - sunken nose - small eyes that are set apart - protruding tongue - sexual organs do not develop - expressionless face

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

this disease is linked to cigarette smoking, high protein and fat diets, food additives.

Graves Disease

this disease occurs 7-10 times more in females than males, usually before the age of 40.

Addisons Disease

this diseases characteristic bronze coloring of the skin is due to an imbalance of these hormones. (Water and Salt)

Myxedema

this disorder is edema that causes the facial tissues to swell and look puffy.

Pituitary

this gland consists of two lobes or portions, the anterior and posterior lobes.

Thyroid

this gland consists of two lobes, a right and left lateral lobe, one on each side of the trachea, that are connected by a smaller piece of tissue called the isthmus.

Thyroid

this glands disorders affect all major body systems and are among the most common endocrine disorders.

ADH

this hormone controls the amount of water which is absorbed out of the urinary system back into the bloodstream.

Graves Disease

this is an autoimmune disorder in which the persons antibodies mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone. The antibodies continually stimulate the thyroid gland to grow and produce thyroid hormones.

Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome

this is characterized by overwhelming bacterial infection meningcoccemia, low blood pressure and shock, widespread purpura, and rapidly developing adrenocortical insufficiency.

Gigantism

this is usually the result of a tumor on the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Diabetes Mellitus

this means that the sugars in the blood cannot be carried into the cells and they tend to build up in the blood stream.

Hypoadrenalism

this occurs when a deficiency of adrenal hormones exists.

Deformities

this postmortem condition: - associated with dwarfism or goiters may confront the embalmer. You may have to reposition or reduce the deformity in order to achieve a more natural appearance.

Interference with Normal Circulation

this postmortem condition: - is one of the most significant problems from endocrine disease, especially diabetes mellitus. - the vascular obstruction restricts adequate distribution of embalming fluid throughout the body - careful control of injection, pressure, and rate of flow is necessary to achieve fluid distribution and penetration of tissues - multiple injection sites might have been utilized

Discoloration

this postmortem condition: - the bronze coloration of addisons disease may require the use of arterial fluids such as jaundice fluids containing special dyes to help overcome these discolorations - inject the lower extremities first to observe the effects of the arterial fluid prior to injecting the head or upper extermities.

Edema

this postmortem condition: - you will need to pay close attention to the proper selection of arterial fluids - these cases will result in a greater secondary solution

Acromegaly

this results from a hypersecretion of the growth hormone that occurs after puberty, after bone formation is complete.

Cushings Syndrome

treatment for ___________ is long term glucocorticoid therapy.

Exothalmic Goiter, Exothalmos

what are two other terms for Graves Disease

Sphenoid

what bone is the sella turcica located on?

Giantism

what is another term for gigantism?

Congenital Hypothyroidism

what is cretinism also called?

Bulging Eyeballs

what is graves disease characterized by?

Addisons Disease

what is one common form of hypoadrenalism?

Goiter

what is simple goiter also known as?

PTH

what is the hormone associated with hyperparathyroidism

Iodine

what is the important element used by the thyroid gland in forming thyroxin?

Diabetes Insipidus

what is the most common abnormality associated with dysfunction of the posterior pituitary.

Graves Disease

what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?

Thyroxin Therapy

what is the treatment that can prevent the effects and development of cretinism

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids

what two hormones that the cortex produces are essential for life?

Sella Turcica

where is the pituitary gland located?

Cortex

which section of the adrenal glands produces a group of hormones called corticosteriods?

Medulla

which section of the adrenal glands produces adrenaline-like hormones?

Calcium

without enough _______, nerve cells become irritable and overactive, resulting in excessive stimulation of muscles cells by the muscular system leading to a condition known as tetany.

Polyuria

without the ADH hormone, excessive amounts of water are lost through the urinary system, resulting in?