A&P 1 - Ch 13

Cortisol

stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates.

With age,

levels of GH decrease but of ADH increase.

Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the

liver

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a

long half-life

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

may have a longer lasting effect.

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

melatonin

A hormone is a __________ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

The Edmonton protocol is

a pancreatic islet transplant.

The pineal gland is

attached to the thalamus.

A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour, __________ percent of the original number of molecules remains.

12.5

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

ADH deficiency

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to T3 and T4?

About one-third of T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues.

What is the correct order hormones release during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?

CRH → ACTH → cortisol

Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is not one of the hormones Kristin will need to be supplemented with?

Cholecalciferol

__________ inhibits secretion of prolactin.

Dopamine from the hypothalamus

Estradiol is a type of estrogen whose hormone effects promote female sex characteristics. Its structure consists of various carbon-hydrogen rings and it is a lipid, but not a prostaglandin. Knowing the structure, how would you expect this hormone to cause a response in a target cell?

Estradiol will enter the plasma membrane of a target cell directly and bind to an intercellular receptor, causing a change in gene expression.

Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes physiological effects she likely experiences?

Fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if she forgets/refuses her treatment.

A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Dave has diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes how the disease affects his bodily fluids?

His urine is of high osmotic pressure.

What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?

Hypothalamus

Growth hormone signals the release of

IGF-1

Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?

One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.

Which gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Posterior pituitary

Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control.

Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease.

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.

The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion?

The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease.

A patient develops a cyst in the pars intermedia as a child which grows over time. The resulting shape of the cyst only puts significant pressure on the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes defective hormonal production and secretion. Which of the following symptoms would you predict?

The patient will experience abnormal/high risk labor and may be forced to undergo a C-section instead of vaginal labor due to weak or missing contractions.

An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?

Thyroid hormone

Secretion of insulin causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

Infantile hypothyroidism results from

a deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by

a disorder of the immune system.

Along with insulin, amylin is a hormone that a diabetic pancreas fails to produce. It is comprised of a long chain of amino acids. It cannot cross the cell membrane, so it binds to a receptor on the cell surface to elicit an action. Which hormone class is amylin?

a protein hormone

Nonsteroid hormones cause __________ in their target cells.

activation of adenylate cyclase

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to

addison disease

Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by

an autoimmune disorder

Secretion of glucagon causes

an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

and cortisol rise.

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

anterior pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus regulates the activities of the __________ pituitary gland by __________.

anterior; secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones

Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete

antidiuretic hormone.

Steroid hormones

are soluble in lipids.

A secretion of a "local hormone" which affects only the cell secreting it, is what type of secretion?

autocrine

A person who is stressed usually will have increased

blood pressure

The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is

calcitonin

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by

causing synthesis of a second messenger

Chemically, hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as steroid hormones and hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as amines, peptides, or proteins.

cholesterol; amino acids

A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their __________, which controls the release of the hormone __________.

circadian rhythm; melatonin

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of blood calcium.

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

Which of the following would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?

darkness

Irving, who is 78 years old, takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. He may be disappointed because the hormone has been shown only to

decrease fat and increase muscle mass, but not improve strength.

Addison disease

decreases blood sodium levels.

Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it

decreases the permeability of capillaries.

A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by

directly causing protein synthesis

A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is

epinephrine.

A sweat gland is an example of a(n) __________ gland.

exocrine

Glands classified as __________ glands secrete substances (like sweat) outside the internal environment. Glands classified as __________ glands release their secretions (like hormones) into the bloodstream.

exocrine; endocrine

A tropic hormone prevents endocrine glands from releasing their hormones, thereby maintaining homeostasis.

false

Human growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain and travels via the bloodstream to affect target cells all throughout the body. This makes it an autocrine secretion.

false

Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.

false

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.

false

The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

false

The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.

false

One of the hallmarks of Graves disease is

goiter

Decreasing levels of which hormone are associated with the declining strength that occurs with aging in the skeletal and muscular systems?

growth hormone

Hormones

have functions in growth, reproduction, and development.

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of

hyperthyroidism

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

Hyperparathyroidism

is most often caused by a tumor.

Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone

increases the number of red blood cells.

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. The alcohol has

inhibited secretion of ADH.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from

insensitivity of cells to insulin.

Which of the following hormones is released when blood glucose levels are elevated?

insulin

The pancreatic hormones function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. The pancreatic hormone __________ lowers blood glucose levels, while __________ raises blood glucose levels

insulin; glucagon

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the

intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.

"Endocrine" means

internal secretion

Simple goiter is most prevalent where the soil lacks

iodine.

__________ controls hormone concentrations.

negative feedback

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

neurosecretory cells

All hormones are

organic compounds

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?__________ controls hormone concentrations.

pancreas

During early embryonic development, a protein called sonic hedgehog is released from a cell and travels in a small gradient through the interstitial fluid only to nearby cells. This helps to establish the path and direction of development for the nervous system and limbs. Knowing this, sonic hedgehog must be a(n) __________ signal.

paracrine

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed

paracrine

Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?

paracrine

A woman has a recent history of broken bones, ulcers, and kidney stones. Her physician finds that she has unusually high blood levels of calcium and immediately suspects that she is suffering from an excess of __________.

parathyroid hormone

Growth hormone

peaks in concentration during sleep.

Upregulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

Which of the following glands is found in the brain?

pituitary gland

The hypothalamus uses nervous stimulation to control the secretion of hormones from which gland?

posterior pituitary

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

prolactin

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?

protein receptors

The blood concentration of growth hormone

rises at puberty and levels off after adolescence

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.

In comparison to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds __________ and its actions are __________.

slowly; long-lasting

Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?

steroids

Tropic hormones

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

The specificity of hormone action derives from

target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone.

An upregulated cell has an increase in

the number of receptors available for binding.

Pheromones differ from hormones in that

they are transmitted between members of the same species.

The thymus gland secretes hormones called __________ that __________.

thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells

The __________ secretes triiodothyronine.

thyroid gland

A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.

true

A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection.

true

Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones.

true

If the adrenal medulla were to degrade and lose the ability to secrete hormones blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate would be affected.

true

If the thyroid were to develop abnormally and lack most of its extracellular folds, secretion of calcitonin would be severely below normal.

true

Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.

true

Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane.

true

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines.

true

The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.

true

Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate

uterine contractions

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin