A&P 1 Chapter 12

White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________. outer portion of the spinal cord corpus callosum cerebral cortex corticospinal tracts

cerebral cortex

The function of the cerebellum is to ________.

correct and coordinate the commands sent to the skeletal muscles

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus

What brain structure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?

lateral sulcus

The most anterior region of the cortex is highly complex and responsible for

learning, working memory, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning.

Emotional responses are associated with the

limbic system

There is a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum called the _____ _____.

longitudinal fissure

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following

loss of body temperature control dehydration sleep disturbances

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The corpora quadrigemina are located in the

midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes.

Descending tracts in the spinal cord carry ______ commands from the brain.

motor

White matter is white because axons are insulated by lipid-rich substance called

myelin

Oligodendrocytes

myelin producing cells of the CNS

the __________ facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon

myelin sheath

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

premotor cortex

Neurons also have extensions of the cell, each extension is generally referred to as a __________

process

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called

pyramids

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? red blood cells protein potassium glucose

red blood cells

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

red nuclei

What are some of the functions of the CSF?

reduction of brain weight nourishment of the brain protection from blows

The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.

reticular activating system

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

reticular formation

Ascending tracts of spinal cord carry _______ information up to the brain.

sensory

The posterior horn of the spinal cord is responsible for _______ processing.

sensory

The posterior region of the spinal cord is responsible for ______ functions and the anterior region of the spinal cord is associated with ______ functions.

sensory, motor

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?

sodium

Neurons are cells and therefore have a ___________, or cell body

soma

The ______ is responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses

somatic nervous system (SNS)

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

temporal and parietal

Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________.

thalamus

The ______ is a collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem.

thalamus

Broca's area ________.

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Which primary brain vesicle gives rise to the cerebrum?

Prosencephalon

Which of the following is the best description of the function of region B?

Region B is the precentral gyrus, the location of the primary (somatic) motor cortex. This is the origin of the descending corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts.

satellite

associated with cell bodies in the PNS

There is one important process that every neuron as called an _______________ which is the fiber that connects a neuron with its target

axon

Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?

axon

what does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?

binding of a neurotransmitter

The central nervous system is composed of ____.

brain and spinal cord

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

central sulcus

the nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the _____________ and ______________ nervous systems

central, peripheal

The cerebellum accounts for ______ of the total brain mass.

11%

The midbrain accounts for _____ of the total brain mass.

2.5%

Cerebrospinal fluid must be kept at a constant volume and is typically replaced in its entirety every

8 hours or so

identify the neuron types

A. Bipolar B. Unipolar C. Multipolar

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location. Damage to the visual association area can result in an inability to comprehend what is being seen. Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct? The cerebellum plays a role maintaining your balance. The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands. Damage to the cerebellum could affect posture. The cerebellum has a cortex and homunculus, just like the motor cortex.

The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands. the cerebellum does not operate at a conscious control

Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex? Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. No functional area of the cortex works alone. .

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function-- they are not exactly equal in function

Which area of the cerebrum is responsible for understanding written or spoken words?

Wernicke's area usually found in the posterior area of the left cerebral hemisphere, combines the functions of the auditory association area and the visual association area to understand oral and visual language.

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia

_________ connection between two neurons, or between a neuron and its target, where a neurotransmitter diffuses across a very short distance

chemical synapse

What are some of the roles of the basal nuclei?

controlling starting and stopping movements inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements playing a role in cognition and emotion

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

corpus callosum

_____ are responsible for receiving most of the input from other neurons.

dendrites

The ________ is the connection between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system, with the exception of olfaction or the sense of _____.

diencephalon, smell

includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

dienchephalon

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

executive suite

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? cell bodies dendrites interneurons fiber tracts

fiber tracts

ependymal cells

formation of cerebral spinal fluid

schwann cell

forms myelin in PNS

Motor patterns for skilled movements are stored in the premotor areas of the

frontal lobe

The area of the brain primarily associated with motor functions is the ________.

frontal lobe

Autonomic processes

generally handled by nuclei in the brain stem and diencephalon.

The diencephalon is considered to be a _____ matter area.

gray

The outer layer of the cerebrum is composed of _____ matter.

gray

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

gyrus

Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?

hypothalamus

microglial cells

immune cells of CNS

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

Which of the lobes of the brain contains the gustatory cortex?

insula

Multimodal areas

integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

parietal lobe

Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.

pon

the main connect to the cerebellum is

pons

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in what functions?

the production and interpretation of language Regions indicated by E include Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.

astrocyte

type of glial cell that supports; important in forming blood brain barrier

The projection fibers typically run _____________, while the association and commissural fibers both typically run ____________________.

vertically, horizontally

The equilibrium cortex is another name for which sensory area?

vestibular cortex

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

vestibular nuclei

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

visceral sensory area

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

visual association area