A&P 1 Chapter 6

Sharpey fibers, located on the periphery of a bone, are A) collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone. B) elastic fibers that are found in tendons. C) fibers that make up the structure of endosteum. D) elastic fibers that make up the structure of periosteum.

A) collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone.

Which of the following fractures goes all the way through a bone, but does not break it into multiple pieces? A) complete B) incomplete C) impacted D) comminuted

A) complete

The process of intramembranous ossification begins when? A) during embryonic development B) at birth C) in the teenage years D) around the time of full development

A) during embryonic development

Endochondral ossification begins at what age? A) during fetal development B) birth C) puberty D) adulthood

A) during fetal development

Which of the following is classified as a long bone? A) femur B) sternum C) vertebra D) ankle

A) femur

The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is A) fractures. B) bone thickening. C) luxations and subluxations. D) fusion of bones.

A) fractures

Which of the following types of bone develops out of a non-cartilage connective tissue scaffold? A) intramembranous B) replacement C) endochondral D) perichondral

A) intramembranous

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of this is to A) manufacture blood cells. B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin. C) store adipose tissue. D) store bone forming cells.

A) manufacture blood cells.

Passing through the periosteum of bones are arteries, veins, and A) nerves. B) adipose tissue. C) Volkmann's canals. D) the spinal cord.

A) nerves.

The epiphyseal plate is the zone of A) new growth for endochondral ossification. B) growth in intramembranous bone. C) growth in the skull bones only. D) growth in the leg bones only.

A) new growth for endochondral ossification.

Bone cells that manufacture new bone are known as A) osteoblasts. B) osteoclasts. C) osteomesoclasts. D) chondrocytes.

A) osteoblasts.

When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following tears down bone? A) osteoclasts B) osteoblasts C) osteons D) matrix cells

A) osteoclasts

Which of the following diseases of bones is a loss of bone mass and density? A) osteoporosis B) osteitis deformans (paget's) C) osteomyelitis D) osteosarcoma

A) osteoporosis

Osteoclast production is inhibited by _________, secreted by osteoblasts. A) osteoprotegerin B) vitamin D C) calcium D) PTH

A) osteoprotegerin

The bone formed by endochondral ossification is called _____________ bone. A) replacement B) cartilage C) membrane D) compact

A) replacement

Insufficient vitamin D in a diet may result in a condition known as A) rickets B) tuberulosis C) scurvy D) paget's disease

A) rickets

One of the functions of bone is "electrolyte balance." Which of the following best represents this role? A) Bones exchange all types of electrolytes with the blood and with cartilage. B) Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed. C) Bones take up and store electrolytes but seldom release them. D) Bones are storage places for electrolytes, iron, proteins, and fats.

B) Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed.

Osteoclasts are active cells that tear down bone. They do this by secreting ________ that dissolve the organic part of the bone matrix. A) hydroxyapatase B) acid and protein-digesting enzymes C) bases and calcium-digesting enzymes D) epiphyseal reduction

B) acid and protein-digesting enzymes

The center of an osteon is known as a central canal (Haversian canal). What passes through the center of the canal? A) water B) blood vessels and nerves C) osteocytes D) chondrocytes

B) blood vessels and nerves

Most of the peripheral skeleton of a 7-month-old fetus is primarily A) adipose tissue. B) cartilage tissue. C) general fetal tissue. D) undifferentiated bone tissue.

B) cartilage tissue.

Which of the following disorders is the result of low amounts of growth hormone production that results in a very small person? A) rickets B) dwarfism C) acromegaly D) osteogenesis imperfecta

B) dwarfism

The growth zone of a long bone is referred to as the A) osteon. B) epiphyseal plate. C) articular surface. D) diaphysis.

B) epiphyseal plate.

Woven bone is formed during which of the following situations? A) puberty B) fetal development and after fractures C) the first few months following birth D) periods of bone decalcification in old age

B) fetal development and after fractures

In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing skull bones is known as a(n) A) intramembranous canal B) fontanel C) central canal D) lacuna

B) fontanel

Two of the primary hormones for bone growth and development are A) bone growth hormone and epiphyseal growth hormone. B) human growth hormone and thyroid hormone. C) thyroid stimulating hormone and body growth hormone. D) pituitary hormone and bone growth hormone.

B) human growth hormone and thyroid hormone.

In children and adolescents, what is the epiphyseal plate composed of? A) bone B) hyaline cartilage C) collagen fibers D) elastic fiber, collagen fibers, and elastic cartilage

B) hyaline cartilage

Which of the following fractures is often referred to as being a "greenstick" fracture? A) complete B) incomplete C) impacted D) comminuted

B) incomplete

If a 12 year old were to fracture their epiphyseal plate, the result of the damage could be that the bone A) grows abnormally brittle. B) may stop growing at the plate. C) may grow much thicker at the site of the injury. D) has greatly increased potential for a sarcoma.

B) may stop growing at the plate

Osteoporosis most often occurs in A) older men B) older women C) teenage women D) teenage males and females

B) older women

Normal formation of bone is known as osteogenesis. Another term for bone formation is A) osteoporosis. B) ossification. C) osteosarcoma. D) osteocyte.

B) ossification.

The type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are A) osteocytes. B) osteoblasts. C) osteoclasts. D) osteons.

B) osteoblasts

Which of the following types of cells add calcium and phosphorus to bone as well as manufactures bone? A) osteoclasts B) osteoblasts C) osteons D) matrix cells

B) osteoblasts

A lack of vitamin D in the diet that may occur in adults with a digestive disorder is known as A) sarcoma B) osteomalacia C) osteitis D) osteoprogenitor disorder

B) osteomalacia

Which of the following glands plays a major role in calcium homeostasis? A) adrenal B) parathyroid C) ovaries and testes D) thymus

B) parathyroid

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of "bone remodeling"? A) bone that develops during fetal development and stays with us for life B) removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts C) the construction of bone around blood vessels for a Haversian canal D) the laying out of new bone in a fracture site

B) removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts

Which of the following bones is considered to be flat? A) femur B) sternum C) vertebra D) talus

B) sternum

The lattice of spongy bone consists of plates, rods and spines, called A) marrow. B) trabeculae. C) lacunae. D) endosteum.

B) trabeculae.

Examples of bones that are "irregular" in shape are A) femur, skull and sternum. B) vertebrae and some skull bones. C) radius and ulna. D) radius, tibia, femur and patella.

B) vertebrae and some skull bones.

Which of the following combinations of treatments would be the most appropriate for treatment of osteoporosis? A) running, hiking, and drinking 3 liters of water per day B) walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perphaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy C) walking, taking phosphorus tablets, and drinking 3 liters or more of water a day D) running, taking mineral tablets each day, drinking more water, and taking testosterone therapy.

B) walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy

Osteochondral progenitor cells A) assist in fracture healing by taking bone fragments away from the injury site. B) make up the scaffolding of membranous bone. C) are stem cells that become osteoblasts. D) are osteocytes that do not live in bone.

C) are stem cells that become osteoblasts.

The term "calcium homeostasis" refers to which of the following? A) balance of calcium between the bone and the cartilage B) creation of calcium by bones C) balance of calcium between the blood and the bones D) movement of calcium to and from cartilage and bone

C) balance of calcium between the blood and the cones

Spongy bone has spaces within it that are filled with _______. A) new osteocytes B) future osteocytes C) bone marrow and blood vessels D) undifferentiated cells for development of bone

C) bone marrow and blood vessels

Compared to younger bones, older bones are more _______ due to a decrease in ________. A) flexible: hydroxaypatite B) brittle; hydroxyapatite C) brittle; collagen D) flexible; collagen

C) brittle; collagen

Since bone is a connective tissue, it has all the necessary features of a connective tissue including a matrix. What makes up the matrix of a bone? A) collagen, elastic fibers, and other proteins B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts C) collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite D) sodium, calcium, phosphorus, elastic fibers and some adipose tissue

C) collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite

An injury that occurs to vertebrae when they are flattened is known as a A) spiral fracture B) pathologic fracture C) compression fracture D) linear fracture

C) compression fracture

Which of the following is connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a bone? A) periosteum B) osteocytes C) endosteum D) trabeculae with osteoclasts

C) endosteum

Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of bones that belong to which class of bones? A) skull and ribs B) ribs, clavicles, and spine C) flat bones of the clavicle and skull D) spine, skull, ribs, and scapulas

C) flat bones of the clavicle and skull

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes mature and enlarge is the zone of A) resting cartilage. B) proliferation. C) hypertrophy. D) calcification.

C) hypertrophy.

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of A) resting cartilage. B) proliferation. C) hypotrophy. D) calcification.

C) hypotrophy.

Cartilage grows by two mechanisms: interstitial growth and appositional growth. Which pair of terms best describes the two methods? A) medial and lateral B) proximal and distal C) internal and on the surface D) left and right

C) internal and on the surface

If the collagen and minerals are removed from a bone, what happens to the bone? A) it becomes stiff and brittle B) no noticeable differences occur with the bone C) it becomes soft and rubbery D) it breaks apart into thousands of small pieces

C) it becomes soft and rubbery

The term "appositional growth" refers to bone growth that occurs A) before birth. B) in the epiphysis only. C) on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone. D) inside of a lacuna.

C) on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone.

In the process of bone remodeling, old bone is removed by A) osteocytes. B) osteoblasts. C osteoclasts. D)remodelingosteoprogenitor cells.

C) osteoclasts

Which of the following diseases is a bacterial infection of bone? A) osteoporosis B) osteitis deformans (paget's) C) osteomyelitis D) osteosarcoma

C) osteomyelitis

If blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium out of bones and put it into the blood? A) calcitonin B) calcium hydroxyl hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) human growth hormone

C) parathyroid hormone

Insufficient vitamin C in a diet may result in a condition known as A) rickets B) osteoporosis C) scurvy D) paget's disease

C) scurvy

Bone that has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone is _____________ bone. A) loose B) woven C) spongy D) modeled

C) spongy

What type of bone tissue surrounds a medullary cavity? A) compact bone B) medullary bone C) spongy bone D) replacement bone

C) spongy bone

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of this is to A) manufacture blood cells. B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin. C) store adipose tissue. D) store bone forming cells.

C) store adipose tissue.

A spiral fracture of a bone most often is the result of a bone A) weakened by disease B) that has been crushed C) that has been twisted D) that has been compressed

C) that has been twisted

Bones A) can develop from cartilage. B) are made of connective tissue. C) are organs. D) All of the above.

D) All of the above.

The epiphyseal plate is located A) in the diaphysis. B) in the spongy bone zone. C) mid-bone as in the middle of the clavicle D) between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

D) between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the cartilage matrix is mineralized with calcium carbonate is the zone of A) resting cartilage. B) proliferation. C) hypertrophy. D) calcification.

D) calcification.

Spaces occupied by osteocyte cell processes are known as A) Volkmann canals. B) central canals. C) perforating canals. D) canaliculi.

D) canaliculi.

Before the process of intramembranous ossification, which of the following type of tissue is found in the associated membranes of the skull and clavicles? A) cartilage B) bone C) epithelium D) collagen fibers

D) collagen fibers

Following a bone fracture a callus builds around the fracture site. A callus is a A) mass of new bone B) mass of marrow C) mass of old broken bone pieces D) collection of blood vessels and collage at the fracture site.

D) collection of blood vessels at the fracture site

Which of the following fractures refers to a fracture of a bone in multiple pieces? A) complete B) incomplete C) impacted D) comminuted

D) comminuted

The shaft of a bone is known as the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) periosteum. D) diaphysis.

D) diaphysis.

Once a long bone has completed its ossification, the bone now has a(an) ___________ where the old epiphyseal plate existed. A) medullary cavity B) line of cartilage C) foramina D) epiphyseal line

D) epiphyseal line

The inorganic portion of a bone structure, made primarily of calcium phosphate crystals, is known as A) collagen bone component. B) appetite. C) organic calcium. D) hydroxyapatite.

D) hydroxyapatite.

Lamellar bone is bone that A) arises out of cartilage. B) arises out of collagen and elastic fibers. C) replaces worn out and fractured bone. D) is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers.

D) is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers

In regard to bone cell development, which of the following sequences is correct? A) osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteocyte B) osteogenic cells → osteoclasts → osteocytes C) osteogenic → osteocyte → osteoclast D) osteogenic → osteoblasts → osteocyte

D) osteogenic - osteoblasts - osteocyte

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which very brittle bones are produced that result in many fractures? A) pituitary dwarfism B) achondroplastic dwarfism C) acromegaly D) osteogenesis imperfecta

D) osteogensis imperfecta

A tissue that surrounds a long bone, made of a double layer of connective tissue, is referred to as the A) endosteum. B) marrow. C) growth plate. D) periosteum.

D) periosteum.

The end of a long bone is referred to as the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) diaphysis. D) periosteum.

D) periosteum.

In compact bone, the Haversian canals (central canals) go the length of the bone. What are the connectors from one Haversian canal to another? A) Volkmann canals (perforating canals) B) Haversian II canals C) semicircular canals D) blood canals

A) Volkmann canals (perforating canals)

An osteon (Haversian system) is actually A) a Haversian canal (central canal) and its lamellae. B) a growth of new bone. C) layers of bone in a fontanel. D) a bone that has demineralized.

A) a Haversian canal (central canal) and its lamellae.

Which of the following best describes the role of a lacuna in a bone? A) a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte B) an indentation within a bone that houses an osteoclast C) a space within the bone for marrow development D) another term for the diploe of a flat bone

A) a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte

A fontanel is A) an unossified fibrous membrane. B) a membranous deossification. C) a endochondral ossification. D) a hypertrophy of osteocytes.

A) an unossified fibrous membrane

If blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium from the blood and place in into the bones? A) calcitonin B) pituitary hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) human growth hormone

A) calcitonin