A&P 2
The two general types of chromosomes are
sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Signs of menopause include
shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts.
Undescended testes cause infertility because
sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature.
The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the
cervix.
The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the
clitoris.
Someone with the genotype of _________ for the gene would be considered homozygous recessive for the "D" trait.
dd
The___ is a cup-shaped device that is placed over the cervix, preventing sperm from entering the uterus.
diaphragm
If one of the alleles masks the expression of the other allele, it is considered a________ allele. The allele which is not expressed is considered _________
dominant,recessive.
The epididymis, coiled on the outer surface of the testis, becomes the
ductus deferens.
Environmental conditions influence how genes are expressed.
true
Why are X-linked disorders more likely to occur in males than in females?
Males do not have the second X chromosome that can potentially mask a recessive allele. Correct
Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities most severely affect a fetus?
Monosomy for a large autosome
How alike are our genomes?
Nearly 100%
The _____ requires abstinence from sexual intercourse around the time of ovulation.
rhythm method
Label the structures of the breast and surrounding tissues.
rib adipose tissue intercostal muscles pectoralis major m. pectoralis minor m. alveolar glands lactiferous duct alveolar duct
Which of the following correctly describes an erection?
Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide causing dilation of small arteries in the penis.
Which of the following terms is INCORRECTLY defined?
Seminiferous tubule—a tube starting after the epididymis which connects the testicle to the ampulla and seminal vesicle
Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes?
Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
The exome accounts for less than ______ percent of the genome. Other regions of the genome control genetic expression.
2
Collection of fetal chromosomes from maternal blood; allows determination of fetal chromosome number
Cell-free fetal DNA
If a mother who is a carrier conceives a child with a father who is not a carrier for the trait, there is______ chance the child will have cystic fibrosis.
0%
In the figure showing spermatogenesis, indicate the name of the cells at each stage of sperm development by dropping each label at the appropriate place.
1. primary spermatocyte 2. secondary spermatocyte 3. spermatids 4. sperm cells
Pathway For Sperm
1. seminiferous tubule 2.epididymis 3.ductus (vas) deferens 4.ejaculatory duct 5. urethra
Oogenesis and spermatogenesis both result in the formation of gametes. However, these processes are not exactly similar. Determine whether each of the following statements are about spermatogenesis, oogenesis, or both.
1.Results in four viable cells. Spermatogenesis 2. Undergo meiosis. -both-Oogenesis Spermatogenesis 3. May or may not finish the full process. -Oogenesis 4. Results in hundreds of gametes on a continual basis. -Spermatogenesis 5. After the first meiotic division, the gamete has 23 chromosomes. -both-Oogenesis Spermatogenesis
A homozygous recessive mother and a homozygous dominant father have a ______ chance of conceiving a child that is a carrier of the trait.
100%
In a simple dominant-recessive inheritance pattern, what is the chance of the offspring exhibiting the dominant trait if one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessive? Multiple Choice
50%
During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?
A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone
Fetal cells are collected from amniotic fluid at 14-16 weeks gestation; allows karyotyping of fetal chromosomes
Amniocentesis
When is sex determined?
At conception
Sample of chorionic villi; allows karyotyping of chorionic cell
CVS
Someone with the genotype of _______ for a gene would be considered heterozygous for the "D" trait.
Dd
Which of the following is not a male secondary sex characteristic?
Deposition of adipose tissue in the thighs and buttock
What condition is the result of trisomy 21?
Down syndrome
Male Sexual Response Place each description into the appropriate box, matching each with the correct phase of the male sexual response.
Ejaculation- contraction of skeletal muscle at base of penis, forcible propulsion of semen from urethra Emission-movement of sperm and secretions into urethra, response to sympathetic impulses, peristaltic contractions of ducts and glands. Erection-response to parasympathetic impulses, dilation of arteries and compression of veins in penis, accumulation of blood in erectile tissue Orgasm-accompanied by emission and ejaculation,pleasurable release
Sexually Transmitted Infections Match the associated disease with the symptoms.
Fever, weakness, infection, cancer-- AIDS Mucus discharge, painful urination and intercourse--Chlamydia Genital sores and fever--Genital herpes Warts on genitals--Genital warts Painful urination in men--Gonorrhea Chancre on genitals or mouth; later damage to CNS--Syphilis
What are some of the functions of testosterone? Check all that apply.
Formation and maintenance of penis, scrotum, and accessory organs Increased muscular growth Growth of hair, particularly on chest, face, axillary, and pubic region
Male vs. Female Anatomy
Found in Females: vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, clitoris Found in Males:penis, testes, seminiferous tubules, prostate, scrotom Found in Both Males and Females: urethra, mammary glabds
Supporting Ligaments Match the supporting structure with its description.
From superior aspect of ovary to abdominal wall.--Suspensory ligament From inferior aspect of ovary to uterus.--Ovarian ligament Fold of peritoneum; attached to abdominal wall, ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus--Broad ligament From uterus to abdominal wall.--Round ligament
What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?
Genital warts
Which of the following traits is multifactorial?
Height
Classify each male reproductive structure according to its function.
Produce Sperm: testes Produce Semen:seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands Ducts to Transport Sperm: epididymis, ductus (vas) diferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra Produce Semen: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands Deposit of Sperm: penis
Functions of Male Reproductive Structures Complete the table listing the functions of male reproductive structures.
Produces sperm cells-Seminiferous tubules Produces and secretes male sex hormones-Interstitial cells Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins-Seminal vesicle Secretes a fluid with an enzyme (PSA) which helps liquefy semen-Prostate gland Secretes fluid that lubricates end of the penis-Bulbourethral gland Conveys urine and semen to outside of body-Penis Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct-Ductus deferens Conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens-Epididymis Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes-Scrotum
Which of the following structures is unpaired?
Prostate gland
Of the various classes of birth control methods, what is the most effective?
Surgical intervention
What male reproductive structure(s) produce semen? Check all that apply.
Testes Bulbourethral glands Prostate gland Seminal vesicles
Imaging done via vagina or externally; allows measurement of head size and determination of growth rate
Ultrasound
What prenatal test can be performed at anytime during pregnancy to identify anatomical features of the fetus and presents minimal risks?
Ultrasound
In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the vagina?
Urethra
Menopause is due to aging of the
ovaries.
Hemophilia A is
a defect in the clotting mechanism.
The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called
a secondary oocyte.
A karyotype is
a size-ordered chart of chromosomes.
The interstitial cells of the testes produce
androgens.
A cause of female infertility is failure of ovulation due to hyposecretion of hormones from the
anterior pituitary gland.
The 20,325 genes in the human genome will encode for a total of 20,325 proteins.
false
Y-linked genes can only be transmitted from __________.
father to son
Place each label naming a reproductive structure in the correct classification.
female: Primary sex organ: ovaries Gland that secretes fluid for lubrication: vestibular glands Erectile tissue:clitoris Tissue that encloses and protects external organs: labia majora Males: Primary sex organ: testes Gland that secretes fluid for lubrication: bulborethral glands Erectile tissue: penis Tissue that encloses and protects external organs: scrotom
Put the stages of the ovarian cycle in order. Labels can be used more than once.
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, follicular phase
Sequences of DNA that encode for particular proteins are called ______. They exist in variant forms called _________.
genes,alleles
Within the genome, segments called ________ code for the production of proteins. These segments, in their entirety, constitute the _______.
genes,exome
A person's ______ Correctis determined by the combination of alleles found within their DNA. Their _________ Correctis the appearance or characteristics that results from their combination of alleles
genotype ,phenotype
The combination of different alleles in a person's genome is called their _____________, while the expression that develops from the genes is their _____________
genotype,phenotype
The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is
half from the sperm and half from the egg.
A woman insists on an ultrasound and a maternal serum marker test to check for Trisomy 21 in her unborn child because she only wants to use non-invasive methods. Her obstetrician will
heavily advise against this decision, because ultrasound and maternal serum markers do not check chromosomes while CVS and amniocentesis do.
A genotype of DD occurs in someone who is____________ for the "D" trait.
homozygous dominant
A person with the genotype DD for a trait would be said to be __________ for that trait.
homozygous dominant
A person that is __________for the gene will have the illness. A person who is _____________ will be a carrier, but will be healthy. A person who is not a carrier and is healthy is______________t for the gene.
homozygous recessive ,heterozygous, homozygous dominan
A person who has two identical alleles of a particular gene is _________ for that gene. In contrast, a person with two different alleles for a particular gene is _________ for the gene.
homozygous,heterozygous
Identical alleles are said to be
homozygous.
A person who carries two__________allelles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.
identical
Polydactyly is an example of a trait that is both ___________ and variably expressive.
incompletely penetrant
In von Willebrand disease, which is either autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant, clotting time slows and the person bruises and bleeds easily. Not everyone who inherits the disease genotype actually develops the phenotype. Affected individuals have differing degrees of difficulty in blood clotting. This condition is
incompletely penetrant, variably expressive, and genetically heterogeneic.
Entire genes can be transcribed. In addition, only parts of genes might be transcribed, producing different proteins. This feature of genetic expression ___________ (increases/decreases) the number of proteins that a cell can make.
increases
The gubernaculum guides the testis through the __________ canal.
inguinal
Genetics is the study of
inheritance of characteristics.
The_______ is an object surgically implanted into the uterus that interferes with fertilization and implantation.
intrauterine device
Label the chromosomal condition of each zygote that arises from each combination of sperm (some euploid, some aneuploid) and euploid eggs
monosomic,monosomic,trisomic,trisomic,euploid,euploid,monosomic,trisomic
The cell is able to produce ________ (more/fewer) proteins than the number of genes.
more
Put the steps leading to erection in order.
parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arteries to penis. veins are compressed, reducing bloodflow away from penis blood accumulates in the vascular spaces within erectile tissues of penis penis swells and becomes erect
A condition called __________, in which bacteria spread throughout the reproductive organs, can result from gonorrheal or chlamydial infections
pelvic inflammatory disease
The phenotypes and genotypes that result from a cross of Aa and aa (A = normal pigmentation and a = albinism) are
phenotypes:50% normal and 50% albino; genotypes:50% heterozygous and 50% homozygous recessive.
The genotypes and phenotypes that result from the cross of Aa and Aa (A = normal pigmentation and a = albinism) are
phenotypes:75% normal and 25% albino; genotypes:25% homozygous dominant and 50% heterozygous and 25% homozygous recessive.
The genotypes and phenotypes that result from a cross of AA and Aa (A = normal pigmentation and a = albinism) are
phenotypes:all normal; genotypes:50% homozygous dominant and 50% heterozygous.
The____is a combined hormone contraceptive that disrupts the normal pattern of FSH and LH.
pill
A trait determined by more than one gene is classified as __________.
polygenic
A baby has three copies of each chromosome in every cell. She is
polyploid.
Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis: Activity on Oogenesis
primary oocyte-first meiotic divison-secondary oocyte-fertillization-second meiotic division-zygote
Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis: Activity on Spermatogenesis
primary spermatocyte-first meiotic division--secondary spermatocyte-second meiotic division-spermatids-sperm cells
The most commonly used oral contraceptives contain
synthetic estrogens and progesterone.
Gender determination for males reflects expression of
the SRY gene but not the Wnt4 gene.
In genomic imprinting
the same allele has a different effect if inherited from the mother or father.Correct
The two types of information needed to predict the inheritance pattern of a trait are
the way genes are distributed in meiosis and the way that they come together when sperm joins egg.
Thus, these _______ (number) genotypes are associated with_______(number) phenotypes for this disease (healthy and ill), because carriers of the gene are still healthy.
three, two
In endometriosis,
tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity.
A human cell that has 69 chromosomes is
triploid.
The condition in which cells have one extra copy of a particular chromosome is called __________.
trisomy
A _______ is a surgical procedure a male undergoes to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes.
vasectomy
A person who is heterozygous for a gene with dominant and recessive alleles________(will/will not) express the trait.
will