A&P 2 Exam 2
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
Agglutination
Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following?
All of the answers are correct
Inflammation produces localized
All of the answers are correct -Redness -Pain -Heat -Swelling
Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because
All of the answers are correct -Heat loss is reduced on exhalation -Air is warmed on inhalation -Water loss is reduced on exhalation -Air is humidified on inhalation
The respiratory defense system is important because it
All of the answers are correct -Helps warm the air -Keeps out debris -Helps filter the air -Keeps out pathogens
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include
All of the answers are correct -epithelia -epidermal layers -sebaceous glands -mucus
What is the function of the structure labeled "12"
All of the answers are correct -improve warming of incoming air -create narrow passage -helps olfaction -cause air to swirl within the respiratory passageway
Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following?
All of the answers are correct -trapping airborne particles -filtering the air -warming the air -humidifying the air
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in
All of the answers are correct. -Agglutination or precipitation -Complement activation and opsonization -Neutralization of the antigen
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
Allergies
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
Antigen
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
Thoracic duct
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. Peyer's patches
Tonsils
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
Trachea
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
apex
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.
arytenoid
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the
epiglottis
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?
Defend against specific pathogens or toxins
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
Defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats
White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the
Eosinophils
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
Epiglottis
The lymphocytes are most important in
Fighting infection
The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called
Fissures
Identify the structure labeled "10"
Glottis
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are
IgA
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are
IgD
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are
IgM
All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are
Important in coagulation
Identify the structure labeled "2."
Internal nares
An inflammatory response is triggered when
Mast cells release histamine and heparin
Various types of macrophages are derived from
Monocytes
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
Neutrophils
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
Neutrophils
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils?
Often elevated in allergic individuals
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
Opsonization
The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells
T
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T & B cells
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
The venae cavae
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips
Secondary bronchi supply air to the
lobes of the lungs
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the
lower respiratory tract
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the
thyroid cartilage
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
tidal volume
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the
variable segment
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity
The vocal ligaments are found in the
vocal folds
Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to
A single pulmonary lobule
Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen.
20mL
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits
4
Which structure leads to the middle ear?
4
In opsonization,
A pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
B
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
Basophils
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the
CNS
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
agglutination
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The ring shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ____ cartilage
cricoid
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats
The openings to the nostrils are the
external nares
The lymphocytes are most important in
fighting infection.
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the
nasal septum
Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
The _______ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone
oropharynx
The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone.
oropharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx.
What branches from the trachea?
primary bronchi
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange
respiratory
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
The opening between the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages is termed the
rima glottidis
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft palate
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity
Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ____ to reach the pulmonary lobule.
terminal bronchioles
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
the brain
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by the way of the
thoracic duct
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the
thymus
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent ; bone marrow-derived
