A&P 2 Final
Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. prothrombin → thrombin A) 3,1,2 B) 1,2,3 C) 3,2,1
A) 3,1,2
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. A) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output B) A rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output C) No change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate D) No change in blood pressure but a change in respiration
A) A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? A) Kidney B) Brain C) Liver D) Pancreas
A) Kidney
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow C) NK cells attack cells that display class I MHC antigens D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells
A) NK cells are a type of neutrophils
Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding _____. A) Rate of erythrocyte formation B) Rate of platelet formation C) Clotting ability of the blood D) WBC ability to defend the body against disease
A) Rate of erythrocyte formation
Which of the following is a characteristic of all leukocytes? A) They are nucleated B) They have cytoplasmic granules C) They are phagocytic D) They are the most numerous of the former elements in blood
A) They are nucleated
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A) antigen
Cytotoxic T cells _____ A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC and II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Activated T cells and macrophages release _______ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area A) cytokines B) perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins
A) cytokines
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from _____. A) decreased delivery of oxygen B) a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production C) a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways D) an inadequate supply of lactic acid
A) decreased delivery of oxygen
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ____ A) efferent lymphatic vessels B) afferent lymphatic vessels C) the cortical sinus D) the subcapsular sinus
A) efferent lymphatic vessels
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ___. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins
A) haptens
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle _____. A) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium B) lacks striations C) has more nuclei per cell D) cells are larger than skeletal muscles
A) has gap junctions that allow it to acts as a functional syncytium
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? A) height B) age C) gender D) Body temperature
A) height
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure only C) blood volume and viscosity D) plasma and formed element concentration
A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? A) hypoxia of EPO- producing cells B) decreased tissue demand for oxygen C) an increased number of RBCs D) moving to a lower altitude
A) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. A) monocytes B) basophils C) alpha globulin D) gamma globulin
A) monocytes
The lymphatic capillaries are _____. A) more permeable than blood capillaries B) less permeable than blood capillaries C) as permeable as blood capillaries D) completely impermeable
A) more permeable than blood capillaries
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by _____. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis
A) natural killer cells
Which of the following if not a role of activated complement? A) opsonization B) secretion of EPO C) enhancement of inflammation D) insertion of MAC and cell lysis
A) opsonization
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure? A) pancreas B) spleen C) tonsils D) Peyers patch of the intestines
A) pancreas
Isovolumetric contraction ______. A) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers B) occurs while the AV valves are open C) occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves closed D) occurs only in people with heart valve defects
A) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
During contraction of pace maker cells in the heart muscle ____. A) the action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels B) some potassium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores C) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions D) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
A) the action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A) the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all B) cardiac muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerve fibers so that the nervous system can increase heart rate C) the refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle D) the influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction
A) the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries A) true B) false
A) true
All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes A) true B) false
A) true
Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscles A) true B) false
A) true
As vessel diameter decreases, resistance increase A) true B) false
A) true
Capillary hydrostatic pressure has to exceed capillary osmotic pressure for filtration to occur A) true B) false
A) true
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissue A) true B) false
A) true
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types. A) true B) false
A) true
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is typically around 0 mmHg and has no real effect on perfusion A) true B) false
A) true
Junctional rhythm is typically enough to sustain life A) true B) false
A) true
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells A) true B) false
A) true
The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation A) true B) false
A) true
The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries A) true B) false
A) true
The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissue A) true B)false
A) true
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? A) ventricles are in diastole B) blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta C) AV valves are closed D) ventricles are in systole
A) ventricles are in diastole
Matching: A) embolus B) leukemia C) anemia D) thrombocytopenia E) polycythemia _____ cancerous conditions involving white blood cells ____ condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity ____ abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity ____ free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream _____ platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small vessels
B(leukemia)- cancerous condition involving white blood cells C(anemia)- condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity E(polycythemia)- abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity A(embolus)- free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream D(thrombocytopenia)- platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is _____. A) Fibrinogen B) albumin C) alpha globulin D) gamma globulin
B) albumin
Which statement best describes arteries? A) all carry oxygenated blood to the heart B) all carry blood away from the heart C) all contain valves to prevent back flow of blood D) only large arteries are lined with endothelium
B) all carry blood away from the heart
Which of the following is not a type of T cells? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B) antigenic
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity B) antigens only come from microbes C) the parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants D) antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides
B) antigens only come from microbes
The condition where fluid compressed the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ____. A) pericarditis B) cardiac tamponade C) myocardial infarction D) angina pectoris
B) cardiac tamponade
The thymus is most active during _____. A) middle age B) childhood C) old age D) all of the above
B) childhood
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? A) excitation of the SA node B) closure of the heart valves C) friction of blood against the chamber walls D) opening and closing if the heart valves
B) closure of the heart valves
Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? A) thrombocytopenia, a condition of decreased circulating platelets B) excessive secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) C) a defect in the clotting cascade D) vitamin K deficiency
B) excessive secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
An ECG provides direct information about valve function A) true B) false
B) false
Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart A) true B) false
B) false
Auricles slightly increase blood volume in the ventricles A) true B) false
B) false
Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs A) true B) false
B) false
Blood flow is directly proportional to resistance A) true B) false
B) false
Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries A) true B) false
B) false
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen A) true B) false
B) false
Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 120 mm Hg A) true B) false
B) false
MAP is calculated by taking the systolic pressure and adding 1/3 of the pulse pressure A) true B) false
B) false
Secondary hypertension is the most common form of hypertension A) true B) false
B) false
The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the hearts pulmonary and aortic valves A) true B) false
B) false
Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction A) true B) false
B) false
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? A) vascular spasm B) fibrinolysis C) platelet plug formation D) coagulation
B) fibrinolysis
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ______. A) right atrium B) left atrium C) right ventricle D) left ventricle
B) left atrium
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ____. A) lymph follicles B) lymph nodes C) lacteals D) lymphatic
B) lymph nodes
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissue with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
B) replaces injured tissue with connective tissue
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? A) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium C) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava D) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle
B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
The pulse pressure is ______. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure C) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure D) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ____. A) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood B) trapping bacteria C) storage of blood platelets D) storage of iron
B) trapping bacteria
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) tunica adventitia
B) tunica media
Matching: A) large veins B) capillaries C) arterioles D) large arteries ___ site where resistance to blood flow is greatest ___ site where exchanges of food and gases are made ___ site where blood pressure is lowest ___ site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest ___ site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest ___ site where the blood volume is greatest ___ site where the blood pressure is greatest
C(arterioles)- site where resistance to blood flow is greatest B(capillaries)- site where exchanges of food and gases are made A(large veins)- site where blood pressure is lowest D(large arteries)- site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest B(capillaries)- site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest A(large veins)- site where blood volume is greatest D(large arteries)- site where blood pressure is greatest
Matching: A) myocardium B) epicardium C) endocardium D) parietal layer ___ the inner lining of the heart ___ heart muscle ___ serous layer covering the heart muscle ___ the outermost layer of the serous pericardium
C(endocardium)- the inner lining of the heart A(myocardium)- heart muscle B(epicardium)- serous layer covering the heart muscle D(parietal layer)- the outermost layer of the serous pericardium
Matching: A) Erythropotein B) spectrin C) prostaglandin derivatives such as thromboxane A2 D) interleukins and CSFs E) heparin ____ produced by platelets ____ a fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane ____ hormone that stimulates production of RBCs ____ stimulates WBC production ____ natural anticoagulant found in basophils
C(prostaglandin derivatives)- produced by platelets B(spectrin)- a fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane A(Erythropotein)- hormone that stimulates production of RBCs D(Interleukins and CSFs)- stimulates WBC production E(heparin)- natural anticoagulant found in basophils
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? A) AV node B) purkinje fibers C) AV valve D) SA node
C) AV valve
Regulatory T cells ____ A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) May function in preventing autoimmune reaction D) aid B cells in antibody production
C) May function in preventing autoimmune reaction
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ____. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes
C) bone marrow
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
The source of blood carries to capillaries in the myocardium would be the _____. A) coronary sinus B) fossa ovalis C) coronary arteries D) coronary veins
C) coronary arteries
Peripheral resistance _____. A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
C) increases as blood viscosity increases
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue A) once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently B) lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood C) lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue D) T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances
C) lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue
Complete proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed _____ A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C) opsonization
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to _____. A) accommodate a greater volume of blood B) expand the thoracic cage during diastole C) pump blood with greater pressure D) pump blood through a smaller valve
C) pump blood with greater pressure
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? A) lumbar trunk B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) cisterna chyli
C) right lymphatic duct
Damage to the ____ is referred to as a heart block A) SA node B) AV valves C) AV bundle D) AV node
D) AV node
Which of the following statements does not describe blood? A) Blood is denser and more viscous than water B) Blood varies from bright red to a dark red color C) Blood pH is normally between 7.35-7.45 D) Blood carries body cells to injured areas for repairs
D) Blood carries body cells to injured areas for repairs
Which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions? A) Biconcave shape B) Hemoglobin containing-sack C) Produces energy anaerobically D) Mitotically active
D) Mitotically active
Which blood type is the universal donor? A) A B) B C) AB D) O
D) O
The P wave of a normal electrocardiograph indicates _____. A) ventricular repolarization B) ventricular depolarization C) atrial repolarization D) atrial depolarization
D) atrial depolarization
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ______. A) arterioles B) arteries C) veins D) capillaries
D) capillaries
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) increased heart rate C) rapid, thready pulse D) coma
D) coma
Lymph capillaries are absent in all except which of the following? A) bones and teeth B) bone marrow C) CNS D) digestive organs
D) digestive organs
Which of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system? A) lymphatic vessels B) lymph nodes C) lymph D) erythrocytes
D) erythrocytes
Helper T cells ____ A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? A) if the child is type O positive B) if the child is Rh+ C) if the father is Rh+ D) if the father is Rh-
D) if the father is Rh-
Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is false? A) it functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation B) it does not fight antigens C) it's stroma consist of epithelial cells D) it has follicles similar to those in the spleen
D) it has follicles similar to those in the spleen
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) it is antigen-specific B) it is systemic C) it has memory D) it is specific for a given organ
D) it is specific for a given organ
Lymph transport all but which of the following? A) milking action of active muscle fibers B) thorax pressure changes during breathing C) smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls D) lymph capillary minivalve action
D) lymph capillary minivalve action
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ____ A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptors-initiated response C) chemoreceptor-initiated response D) renal regulation
D) renal regulation
Blood is a ________. A) colloid B) homogeneous compound C) heterogeneous compound D) suspension
D) suspension
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? A) draining excess interstitial fluid B) carrying out immune responses C) transporting dietary fats D) transporting respiratory gases
D) transporting respiratory gases
Which of the following is not a distribution function of blood? A) Delivery of oxygen to body cells B) Transport of metabolic wastes from cells C) Transport of hormones to their target organs D) Transport of salts to maintain blood volume
D. transport of salts to maintain blood volume
