A&P 2 lab study guide

Describe the endocardium

- the third layer of the heart wall, a glistening white sheet of endothelium resting on a thin connective tissue layer - it lines the heart chambers and cover the fibrous skeleton of the valves

How long is the average trachea?

10-12cm

How many half-moon shaped, pocketlike cusps are found in each semilunar valve?

3

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

Aortic valve

Which heart layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue?

Endocardium

What is the hilum of the lung?

It is a wedge-shaped area on the mediastinal surface of each lung through which the structures forming the root of the lung pass to enter or exit the lung.

Which bones contain a paranasal sinus?

Maxillary Frontal Sphenoid

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called?

Myofibrils

Which bones form the hard palate?

Palatine bones and maxillae

An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n)

accessory digestive organ

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

alveolar type II cells

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the

alveolar type II cells

Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

an insulator for the flow of electrical current across the heart

The connections shared by arteries that allow them to shunt blood from one artery to another are called

anastomoses

This artery is sometimes referred to as the "widowmaker" because blockage of it often leads to fatal heart attack. It serves the anterior heart and is more formally called the (2 or 3 words) ________ artery.

anterior interventricular

The great cardiac vein runs alongside the

anterior interventricular artery

Where are the transverse palatine folds located?

anterior third of the palate

The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the

apex

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the

atrioventricular valves

The anterior part of each atrium is a flaplike extension called a(n)

auricles

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ___________ artery.

basilar

The ____________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein.

basilic vein

The term "retroperitoneal" may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located

between visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form ________ veins; all of these veins are ________ veins.

brachial; deep

The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the

brachiocephalic artery

Each lung consists of a number of segments called

bronchopulmonary segments

The central cavity of a tooth is filled with

cementum/pulp

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the

chordae tendineae

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

contraction of the right ventricle

Which vein drains the posterior aspect of the ventricles of the heart?

coronary sinus

Superior phrenic arteries supply the _____________ and emerge from the

diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta

arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.

distal

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the

distal third of the transverse colon, the descending colon and sigmoid colon

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

elevation of the soft palate

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

epiglottis

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

external iliac arteries

As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the

femoral

Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?

femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, dorsalis pedis

Which cranial nerves innervate the salivary glands?

glossopharyngeal

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?

hepatic veins

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

hyaline cartilage

The azygos vein merges with the _________________ vena cava.

inferior

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the

inferior vena cava

Each of the receiving chambers of the heart has a wrinkled flaplike extension; the one that is more visible from an anterior view is the

interatrial septum

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the

internal jugular veins and subclavian veins

Pectinate muscles are found on the

internal walls of the right and left atria

The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the ________ artery.

jugular maxillary

The popliteal artery supplies the

knee joint

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

larynx

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

larynx

The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the

left and right anterior cerebral arteries

The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the ______________ veins.

left and right brachiocephalic

Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?

left gastric artery

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?

left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

meatus

At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the __________ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx

median sacral artery

The mastication center is located in the ______________ of the brain.

medulla and pons

Which peritoneal fold supports the large intestine?

mesocolon

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

The middle layer of the heart wall that is made of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

What are the parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea

which artery supplies blood to the medial thigh muscles?

obturator

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it

passes above the inguinal ligament

The term "canines" describes the teeth that

permanent

A groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart is the

posterior interventricular sulcus

The deciduous teeth are the ________ teeth, and there are a total of ________ deciduous teeth.

primary; 20

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

the arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the ___________ and ____________ arteries.

radial; ulnar

Coronary vessels are open when the heart is

relaxed

Is the right or left side of the heart located more anteriorly in the heart's normal position?

right

The fossa ovalis appears just above the opening of the coronary sinus within the

right atrium

The posterior interventricular artery is a branch off of the

right coronary artery

The right border of the heart is supplied by the

right coronary artery

Tracheal cartilages provide for ____________ on the ___________ aspect of the trachea.

rigidity, anterior

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

septal cells

Deep to the interventricular sulci is the thick muscular wall that divides the left and right ventricles, known as the interventricular

septum

List the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage.

subclavian artery--> axillary --> brachial artery--> ulnar artery

The __________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein

subclavian vein

The internal thoracic artery will become the ______________, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall.

superior epigastric artery

The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the

superior mesenteric

Which artery supplies blood to the urinary bladder?

superior vesical artery

The left and right coronary arteries

supply blood to the tissues of the heart

Which organs are accessory digestive organs?

teeth, tongue, glandular organs

Which organs are a part of the gastrointestinal tract?

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

The function of the coronary sinus is to

the primary collector of cardiac venous blood

A sphincter is a

thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract.

The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the

tonsils

The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called

trabeculae carneae

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

trachea

Which prenatal structure forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

truncus arteriosus

Typically, there are ________ papillary muscles that project from the wall of the left ventricle and attach to the tendinous cords that support the left AV valve.

two

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

two common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra

The inferior chambers of the heart are called

ventricle

Which arteries contribute to the cerebral arterial circle.

vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the ________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

vestibule

Which is the layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs?

visceral peritoneum