A&P Biology 2401 TEST 1

Consider the following levels: 1. Chemical 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4.Cellular 5. Organismal 6. Systemic. Which of the following has the complexity levels listed in order of increasing complexity??

(D) Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, organismal, systemic.

which organelle is the major site of ATP synthesis, which packages proteins

Mitochondria

How is the concept of homeostasis or its loss, related to disease and aging?

Most diseases are regarded as a disturbance of homeostasis, internal environment becomes less stable with age.

When we say the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body are unchanging?

No. We mean that they vary within a narrow and regulated range.

At which level of structural organization is the stomach? Organ, At which level is a glucose molecule?

The Stomach is at the Organismal level, a glucose molecule is at the chemical level.

Building blocks of proteins

amino acids

3 important functions of water include

• cooling effect of sweating • transfers fats out of the body • acts as a cushion

Two protein classes based on structure and function of the body

...

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A chain of Amino Acids

how can you indicate that a chemical reaction is irreversible?

A reversible reaction is shown by double reaction arrows.

What is the vital importance of ATP to body cells?

ATP is immediately useful form of energy for all body cells.

Oxygen is a survival need, why is it so important?

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body and release food energy require oxygen.

is a pH of 11 acidic or basic?

Basic

Name and provide the atomic symbols of the four elements that make up the bulk of all living matter.

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, & Oxygen; 96%

What is the special function of gap junctions? fight junctions?

Communication and binding together, respectively.

How do cytosol and cytoplasm differ?

Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm includes cytosol, organelles and worn out organelles and dead cells.

Which of the following is involved in maintaining homeostasis?

Effector, control center, receptor, feedback.

What form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another?

Electrical

What does it mean when we say that some energy is lost every time energy changes from one form to another in the body?

Every time energy changes from one form to another some heat is given off to the environment (is lost) and unusable.

What are the hydrogen bonds and how are they important to the body?

Extremely weak bonds that are common in water molecules. They are important in helping to maintain the structure of protein molecules, which are essential functional molecules and body building materials.

of fibrous and globular proteins, which is more important for building body structures?

Fibrous Proteins

Purpose of Carbohydrates in the body

Food Energy For cells small amounts are used for structural purposes, and rep. 1 to 2% of cell mass.

what kind of bond forms between water molecules?

Hydrogen

How do ionic bonds differ from covalent bonds?

In ionic bonds, electrons are completely transferred from one to another. In covalent bonds, the interacting atoms share one or more electron pairs.

occurs when fats are digested in your small intestine?

It is a decomposition reaction.

if you suspect a patient has a brain tumor, which type of imaging device would be best for precisely locating a tumor within the brain?

MRI

Matter and energy, how are they interrelated?

Matter is a substance of living and non living objects, energy is the mover of the substance-the ability to do work.

which would you expect to find in or on cells whose main function is absorption

Microvilli

Why is the study of basic chemistry essential to understanding human physiology?

Our entire body is made of chemicals, the foods we eat and medicines we take our chemicals

Oxygen and argon are both gases. Oxygen combines readily with other elements, argon does not. What accounts for this difference?

Oxygen does not have a full outer electron shell, argon does, so it doesn't need to bond.

Which type of lipid is abundant in cellular membranes?

Phospholopids

What name is given to an unstable atom that has either more or fewer neutrons than its typical number?

Radioisotope

if you were giving a shot in the deltoid region, would you ask the patient to remove their shirt or pants?

Shirt

7.35-7.46

Slightly Basic

How would you explain the meaning of a "generalized cell" to a classmate.

The generalized cell is the concept that describes organelles and functions common to all cells.

what property of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature?

The heat capacity of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature.

Which is more likely to be a radioisotope:

The heavier isotope, they are more stable and decompose into more stable forms.

Radioactivity

The process of spontaneous decay seen in some of the heavier isotopes, during which particles or energy is emitted from the atomic nucleus; results in the atom becoming more stable.

what are the structural units, or building blocks of Carbohydrates? Of lipids?

The structural units of carbohydrates are monosaccharaides; those of lipids are glycerol and fatty acids.

Salts are electrolytes. What does that mean?

They conduct and electrical current when dissolved in water.

When we begin to become hydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids . Is the thirst sensation part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?

Thirst is part of a negative feedback system. Thirst prods us to drink fluids(the response) which in turn causes the thirst sensation to decrease and end. Were it a positive feedback mechanism we would become even more thirsty. (The stimulus for drinking would increase)

Which IS, essential to survival?

Water, Oxygen, Atmospheric Pressure, and Nutrients.

According to the cell theory, what the organism can do depends on ___________.

What its cells can do

Why would you have a hard time learning/understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?

You have to understand what something is , in order to understand how something functions. Structure reflects function.... (Complementarity principle) a given function can only occur if the corresponding structure allows it.

for diffusion to occur, there must be

a concentration difference

Alkaline substances include (base)

ammonia

what kind of connective tissue acts as a sponge, soaking up fluid when edema occurs.

areolar connective

cell

basic unit of life

steroids

complex ring shaped molecules, fat soluble, best ex is cholesterol

WHat type of connective tissue prevents muscles from pulling away from bones during contraction?

dense connective

which of the following are possible functions of the glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

determination of blood groups

what is the consequence of loss of homeostasis as applied to the living organism.

diseases and a less stable internal environment.

Disaccharide

double sugars, transport molecule ex- sucrose & lactose

Monossacharide

ex glucose & fructose -simple sugars

the antecubial region

forearm

Adult cell types you might expect to have gap junctions include

heart muscle

Enzyme

increase rate of chemical reactions without being used up themselves. Some require other chemicals to work properly. the function of most vitamins is to act as cofactors.

the major function of cilia is to move substances across the free cell surface. what is the major role of microvilli.

increase the cell surface for absorptive cells.

sural region

left calf

Phospholipids

lipids that contain very important phosphate win addition to fatty acids, major structural component of cell membranes and nervous tissue.

Polysaccharides

monossacharides bound together. glycogen or animal starch. Our body must digest them to monossacharides to absorb them.

Glucose is to starch as

nucleotide is to a nucleic acid amino acid is to a protein

Name the three basic parts of the cell and name the location of each.

plasma membrane: external barrier that regulates what enters and what leaves the cell. Cytoplasm: the area where most cell activities occur. Nucleus: control center of the cell.

Which process is more selective, pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis?

receptor mediated endocytosis

A epithelium built to with stand friction is

stratified squamous

Which of row following terms describe cardiac muscle

striated, multinucleate, involuntary, branching.

Define electrolyte

substances that conduct an electrical current in solution. ex-salts, acids

What is Ionic Bonding? what is the best example? Is it a medium strength bond?

the attractive force between negatively and positively charged atoms called ions. Yes.

Explain the meaning of homeostasis as applied to the living organism.

the body's ability to maintain relativity stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continually changing.

what determines the direction of any diffusion process

the concentration gradient determines the direction that water and solutes move by diffusion. Movement from high to low concentration of a given substance.

pH

the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called pH units.

What is the general function of Nucleoli

the sites of synthesis of ribosomes, which are important in protein synthesis.

Physiology

the study of structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.

Anatomy define

the study of structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

The external faces of some membrane proteins have sugar groups attached to them. What are the three roles these sugar coated proteins play in the life of a cell?

they act as receptors determine the blood type, and play a role in cell to cell interactions.

What lipid type is stored in fat deposits beneath the skin?

triglyceride

neutral fats

triglycerides: saturated with hydrogen atoms. usually found in animals. Ex- Butter, palm oils, and red meat. stimulate production by the body of cholesterol and inhibit its secretion.

What is the meaning of the term molecule?

two or more atoms chemically bound together.