A&P - Bone Tissue

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Intramembranous, endochondrial

Two types of ossification.

Trabeculae

What does spongy bone contain instead of osteons?

Triglycerides

Yellow marrow stores this form of energy storage.

chondroblasts

mesenchymal cells form a model of _____________ or cartilage matrix

Linear

Compact bones have this kind of strength.

Vitamin C

... deficiency can cause scurvy or loss of bone mass and strength.

decreased protein synthesis

2nd effect of aging on skeletal system, results in decreased production of matrix components and making bones more susceptible to fracture (more brittle).

osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)

Aging effect: loss of calcium and other minerals from the bone matrix, which may result in ...

ossification

An ______________ forms from mesenchymal cells as they convert to osteoblasts and lay down osteoid matrix.

Fracture

Any break in a bone.

mesoderm, ectoderm

Around the 5th week of embryonic life, extremities develop from limb buds, which consist of .... and ....

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation, occurs in red marrow of bones.

appositional

Bone can grow in thickness or diameter only by ... growth matrix deposition.

7th

Bone formation begins when the mesenchymal cells provide the template for subsequent ossification, which usually occurs in the ____ week of life.

Osteogenesis (or ossification)

Bone formation is called ...

intramembranous, endochondrial

Bone forms from mesoderm by __________________ or _________________ ossification.

Appositional

Bone grows in diameter as a result of _________________ addition.

25, 25, 50

Bone matrix is: ___% H2O ___% Protein ___% Mineral salts

Blood

Bone releases or absorbs Ca++ depending on _______ Ca++ levels.

osteoblasts

Bone-building cells, deposition, secrete collagen, and other organic components, build matrix

Support

Bones ___________ the soft tissues and provide attachment sites for muscles.

movement

Bones assist skeletal muscles to produce ___________.

hand and foot plates (which become hands and feet)

By the 6th week, a constriction around the middle portion of the limb buds produces ...

Osteons (or Haversian systems)

Compact bone is arranged in units called ...

80

Compact bone makes up ___% of the bone in our bodies.

Epiphyseal artery

Continues into the medullae to supply blood for the marrow and osteocells.

minerals, vitamins D, C, K, B12, calcitriol, hormones

Factors that affect bone growth.

Resting cartilage, proliferation cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage

Four zones of the epiphyseal plate.

support, protection, movement, storage and release of minerals, hematopoiesis, energy storage

Functions of the skeletal system

when the ephiphyseal plate closes and is replaced by bone (no more epiphyseal line)

How do we know when the bone has completed its growth in length?

6-8hrs to weeks

How long the fracture hematoma lasts for.

Every 2-4 months

How often bone remodeling occurs.

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Important hormones for stimulating growth during childhood are the ....

Protected

Many of the body's internal organs are _________ by bony coverings.

osteoblasts

New bone is constructed by __________, a process called "deposition:

osteoclasts

Old bone is constantly destroyed by _________, called "resporption"

Bone remodeling

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Osteo(clasts/blasts) break down bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Osteo(clasts/blasts) build bone tissue.

Same

Osteons are aligned in the ________ (same/different) direction along lines of stress.

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteocytes

Osteons contain ...

thyroxine, insulin, estrogen, testosterone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Other hormones that stimulate bone growth

Periosteal arteries

Pass through Volkmans' canals to a multitude of vessels that supply the outer compact bone region.

Spongy

Pelvis, vertebrae, skull, ribs, and the ends of long bones are example of this type of bone.

Hematopoiesis

Red marrow is the site of this function.

True

True or false: the process of calcification occurs only in the presence of collagen fibers.

Bone remodeling (the final step)

Resorption of bony callus and fracture fragments, compact bone replaces spongy bones

3-4 months

Soft callus turns into bony callus

Hematopoiesis

Spongy bone is also the site of ...

20

Spongy bone makes up ___% of the bone in our bodies.

Vitamin A

Stimulates osteoblastic activity

Epiphyseal artery

Supplies marrow and osteocells with blood.

Nutrient artery

Supplies osteocytes with blood.

Periosteal arteries

Supplies outer compact bone region with blood.

notochord

The --- is a flexible rod of tissue that lies in a position where the future vertebral column will develop.

epiphyseal plate

The activity of the ... is the only means by which the diaphysis can increase in length.

Intramembranous

The flat bones of the skull, mandible, clavicle are the result of this type of ossification.

Protect the red bone marrow

The main function of spongy bone.

calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate

The main inorganic salts found in the matrix of bone tissue.

compact, spongy

The periosteum first forms a collar of spongy bone, that is then replaced by _________ bone, while the __________ bone stays in the center.

calcification (or mineralization)

The process of depositing salts in a framework of collagen fibers.

Ca++ and phosphorus

The two main minerals stored and released by bones.

True

True or false: a lot of repetitive stress can lead to a changed shape along the lines of mechanical stress.

True

True or false: basement membrane is only on the epiphyseal side.

False (it is highly vascular)

True or false: bone has a low blood supply.

True (bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, blood forming tissues, adipose tissue, nervous tissue)

True or false: bone is made up of several types of tissues.

True

True or false: each individual bone is an organ.

False (osteoclasts do)

True or false: osteoblasts have multiple nuclei.

False (osteoblasts do)

True or false: osteoclasts have one cell, one nucleus.

True

True or false: spongy bone does not contain osteons.

Compact bone

Very hard and dense bone is called ...

V12 K

Vitamins ... and ... deal with the synthesis of proteins in normal bone.

human growth hormone (hGH)

What IGFs are stimulated by.

inflammatory response, swelling

What accompanies the fracture hematoma

homeostatic control of calcium and phophate

What calcitonin and parathyroid hormone aid in.

The bone has completed its growth in length

What do we know has happened when the epiphyseal line disappears?

Pro callus (fibrocartilaginous callus or "soft callus")

What forms 3 weeks after a fracture

bony callus (or "hard callus")

What forms 3-4 months after a fracture

Collagen fibers

What gives the matrix of bone some flexibility.

pituitary gland

What hGH is produced by

Spongy

What kind of bone is found in areas of less stress?

At birth

When do we develop secondary ossification centers?

En Utero

When do we develop the primary ossification center?

Yellow marrow

Where energy is stored in adult bones.

Endosteum, periosteum

Where osteoblasts are found

cardiac and muscle contraction, nerve conduction, enzyme function, blood clotting

Why Ca++ is important

To renew bone tissue before it deteriorates and breaks down

Why do we have bone remodeling?

Proliferation cartilage

Zone of the epiphyseal plate: chondrocyes divide and move toward the diaphysis to replace old cells.

hypertrophic cartilage

Zone of the epiphyseal plate: maturation of chondrocytes

Resting cartilage

Zone of the epiphyseal plate: nearest epiphysis, no growth, chondrocytes anchor epiphysis to plate.

calcified cartilage

Zone of the epiphyseal plate: osteoblastic vs. osteoclastic activity

Nerves

_________ follow vessels into bone tissue and the periosteum where they sense damage and transmit pain messages.

thyroid, parathyroid

__________ comes from the thyroid gland _______________________ comes from the parathyroid gland .

spongy

________________ (compact/spongy) bone forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the ends of long bones.

mineral salts, collagen fibers

________________ (mineral salts/collagen fibers) confer hardness of bone while _____________ (mineral salts/collagen fibers) give bone its great tensile strength.

periosteum

a connective tissue covering of the surface of the bone which contains osteogenic cells, protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

epiphyseal and metaphyseal veins

accompany epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries in the epiphysis

hyaline cartilage

at the ends of the bones to reduce friction and absorb shock at freely moveable joints

Vitamin A

calcitriol synthesis is dependent on the availability of ...

interstitial growth

cartilage/bone that grows from within itself, causes bones to lengthen

Osteoclasts

derived from white blood cells, secrete acids and enzymes and serve to BREAK DOWN bone tissue, destroy matrix, osteolysis, resporption.

periosteal veins

exit with their periosteal arteries in the periosteum

Fracture hematoma

formation of a blood clot or blood tumor from broken blood vessels.

appositional growth

growth at the outer surface of a bone during endochondral ossification, resulting in an increase in the bone's thickness

negative

homeostasis of calcium and phosphate are controlled by a ___________(positive/negative) feedback system.

Calcitriol

hormone from kidneys that promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract.

epiphyseal plate

in growing bones

Osteocytes

mature bone cells and the principal cells of bone tissue, live in the matrix.

pro callus (which then is transformed into a soft callus)

organization of the fracture hematoma into granulation tissue, called a ....

Nutrient artery

passes through the nutrient canal and sends branches into the central Haversian canals to provide for osteocytes.

Periosteal bud

primary ossification center, vascularization, cartilage matrix replaced with bony matrix and osteocytes

osteogenic cells

process of ossification: _________________ --> osteoblast --> lay down organic matrix --> becomes osteocyte once matrix formed

endochondrial ossification

replacement of cartilage by bone

metaphyses

the areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis

epiphyses

the ends of the bone

intramembranous ossification

the formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes.

endochondrial ossification

the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models (most bones of the body)

endosteum

the lining of the marrow cavity, contains osteogenic cells

diaphysis

the shaft of the long bone

marrow cavity

the space within the diaphysis, fatty yellow bone marrow

osteogenic

these types of cells undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts

nutrient veins

vein: follow the nutrient artery in the diaphysis


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