A&P Ch. 18
a
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is: a. calcitonin. b. thyroxine. c. glucagon. d. oxytocin. e. parathyroid hormone.
a
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is: a. cortisol. b. erythropoietin. c. parathormone. d. aldosterone. e. thymosin.
d
A kinase is an enzyme that performs a. as an antibody. b. protein synthesis. c. active transport. d. phosphorylation. e. as a membrane channel
a
A liver cell responds to insulin by a. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. b. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. c. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. d. Releasing insulin. e. Releasing glucagon.
a
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except: a. increased urine production. b. elevated blood pressure. c. increased water retention. d. increased blood volume. e. increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney.
d
A rise in blood glucose level will trigger all these responses except __________. a. increased beta cell secretion b. storage of glycogen c. storage of triglycerides d. increased epinephrine secretion
d
A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s) a. two b. gonadotropic c. hypothalamic d. one e. tropic
b
A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes: a. testosterone. b. progesterone. c. androstenedione. d. cortisone. e. aldosterone.
b
Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake. a. insulin b. leptin c. adipin d. renin
d
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? a. phosphorylates a protein b. directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome c. activates a protein kinase d. acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
d
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex: a. cyclic nucleotides are formed. b. G proteins are phosphylated. c. adenyl cyclase is activated. d. gene transcription is initiated. e. protein kinases are activated.
c
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? a. cortisol b. epinephrine c. ADH d. aldosterone e. renin
a
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they: a. are produced by the suprarenal medulla. b. are produced by reproductive glands. c. bind to receptors within the cell. d. are lipids. e. are derived from cholesterol.
d
All target cells: a. respond to electrical signals. b. secrete hormones. c. are in the blood. d. have hormone receptors. e. produce their own hormones.
b
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. a. somatostatin; insulin b. glucagon; insulin c. glucagon; somatostatin d. pancreatic polypeptide; insulin e. insulin; glucagon
e
An activated G protein can trigger a. a fall in cAMP levels. b. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. c. the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. d. the production of diacylglycerol. e. All of the answers are correct
d
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the: a. liver. b. blood. c. kidneys. d. lungs. e. heart.
a
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too: a. much androgen production. b. much ACTH. c. little TSH. d. little glucagon. e. much insulin.
a
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce: a. somatostatin. b. cortisol. c. insulin. d. glucagon. e. peptide P
b
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of: a. cortisol. b. angiotensin. c. atrial natriuretic peptide. d. adrenaline. e. erythropoietin.
c
The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by: a. increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. b. increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. c. failure of electrolyte balance. d. a sharp increase in motivation and energy. e. an increase in urine output.
b
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces: a. bile. b. digestive enzymes. c. insulin. d. somatotropin. e. glucagon
e
The hormone oxytocin a. promotes uterine contractions. b. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. c. triggers prostate gland contraction. d. is produced in the hypothalamus. e. All of the answers are correct.
d
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is: a. aldosterone. b. cortisol. c. testosterone. d. epinephrine. e. thyroid hormone.
d
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. a. cardiovascular b. hepatic c. muscular d. endocrine e. renal
c
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by: a. altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. b. direct neural stimulation. c. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. d. gap synaptic junctions. e. indirect osmotic control.
d
The interstitial cells of the testes produce: a. progesterone. b. inhibin. c. FSH. d. testosterone. e. LH.
e
The kidneys secrete: a. calcitriol. b. renin. c. erythropoietin. d. hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. e. All of the answers are correct.
e
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually: a. adenyl cyclase. b. cGMP. c. calcium ion levels. d. cAMP. e. a G protein.
e
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is: a. TSH. b. MSH. c. STH. d. FSH. e. ADH.
e
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is: a. FSH. b. TSH. c. GH. d. LH. e. ACTH
d
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is: a. ACTH. b. TSH. c. GH. d. FSH. e. LH.
a
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is: a. LH. b. ACTH. c. GH. d. TSH. e. FSH.
a
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is: a. somatotropin. b. MSH. c. ACTH. d. prolactin. e. insulin.
d
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is: a. ACTH. b. TSH. c. growth hormone. d. prolactin. e. FSH.
b
The primary function of ADH is to: a. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. b. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. c. increase digestive absorption. d. decrease blood pressure. e. delay urination
e
The primary target(s) of insulin is/are: a. adipocytes. b. liver cells. c. cardiac muscle cells. d. skeletal muscle fibers. e. All of the answers are correct.
d
The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______. a. mammary glands to secrete milk b. gonads to release sex hormones c. melanocytes to secrete melanin d. adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid
d
The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones: a. norcortisol and cortisol. b. androgens and progesterone. c. synephrine and neosynephrine. d. epinephrine and norepinephrine. e. corticosterone and testosterone.
a
The suprarenal medulla produces: a. catecholamines. b. mineralocorticoids. c. androgens. d. corticosteroids. e. glucocorticoids.
e
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces: a. androgens. b. mineralocorticoids. c. epinephrine. d. norepinephrine. e. glucocorticoids.
c
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces: a. epinephrine. b. androgens. c. mineralocorticoids. d. norepinephrine. e. glucocorticoid
b
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces: a. mineralocorticoids. b. androgens. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine. e. glucocorticoids.
c
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? a. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. b. Liver cells. c. Intestinal cells. d. Cells in the pancreas. e. Muscle cells.
b
What is found in the thyroid follicles? a. Pancreatic islets b. Thyroglobulin c. Parathyroid cells d. Glucocorticoids
d
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in: a. the loss of axillary and pubic hair. b. increased water retention. c. decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. d. decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. e. increased volume of urine formation.
e
Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamuloss of would have which result? a. loss of regulatory factor secretion: b. loss of emotional response c. loss of melatonin secretion d. loss of GH secretion e. loss of ADH secretions
b
Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to all of these changes except __________. a. elevated blood glucose level b. drowsiness c. elevated blood pressure d. elevated heart rate
e
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? a. thyroid b. peptide hormones c. eicosanoids d. catecholamines e. catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
e
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? a. blood level of an ion-like potassium b. nervous stimuli c. blood level of glucose d. blood level of a hormone e. All of the answers are correct.
e
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include a. steroids. b. eicosanoids. c. peptides. d. amino acid derivatives. e. all of the above
b
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are: a. derivatives of reproductive glands. b. derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. c. steroids. d. peptides. e. lipids.
d
Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________. a. resistance to stress b. regulation of growth c. regulation of reproduction d. lowering blood sugar by insulin
c
Peptide hormones ___________. a. are lipid soluble b. always contain one sugar molecule c. are composed of amino acids d. usually bind to intranuclear receptors
b
Peptide hormones ___________. a. usually bind to intranuclear receptors b. are composed of amino acids c. always contain one sugar molecule d. are lipid soluble
b
Pinealocytes produce: a. LH. b. melatonin. c. FSH. d. MSH. e. melanin
e
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release a. ACTH. b. FSH. c. TSH. d. GH. e. All of the answers are correct.
b
Steroid hormones: a. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. b. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. c. are proteins. d. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. e. cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
c
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce: a. PTH. b. thyroxine. c. calcitonin. d. TSH. e. triiodothyronine.
a
The __________ gland secretes melatonin. a. pineal b. thymus c. neurohypophysis d. pituitary
d
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. positive feedback. b. negative feedback. c. diabetes. d. homeostasis. e. None of the above.
b
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the a. hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. b. second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. c. cell becomes inactive. d. cell membrane becomes depolarized. e. hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm
d
When adenyl cyclase is activated, a. ATP is consumed. b. cAMP is formed. c. cAMP is broken down. d. ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. e. ATP is produced.
c
When blood glucose levels are high a. The liver releases glucagon. b. The liver releases insulin. c. The pancreas releases insulin. d. The pancreas releases glucagon. e. The pancreas releases glucose.
c
When blood glucose levels are low a. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. b. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. c. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. d. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. e. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
b
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? a. in lysosomes b. in the lumen of the thyroid follicle c. in pinocytotic vesicles d. in apical microvilli e. in rough endoplasmic reticulum
a
Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone? a. iodine b. calcium c. thorium d. iron
c
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? a. pancreatic hormones b. thyroglobulins c. glucocorticoids d. antidiuretic hormones e. mineralocorticoids
d
Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus? a. ADH b. FSH c. PRL d. OXT
c
Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones? a. GH b. ACTH c. TSH d. MSH
d
Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin? a. parasympathetic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. tropic hormones from the pituitary gland d. blood-glucose concentration e. hypothalamus
c
Which of the following hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? a. Insulin b. Epinephrine c. Calcitonin d. Oxytocin
c
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? a. insulin b. epinephrine e. cortisol
d
Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? a. cortisol b. insulin c. calcitriol d. insulin and epinephrine e. epinephrine
b
Which of the following is regulated by the parathyroid gland? a. Body's reaction to stress b. Blood calcium concentration c. Blood pressure d. Blood glucose concentration
e
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? a. prostate b. uterus c. ductus deferens d. mammary glands e. All of the answers are correct.
b
Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production? a. ADH b. ACTH c. LH d. TSH
c
Which of these hormones is not derived from an amino acid? a. thyroid hormone b. norepinephrine c. parathyroid hormone d. epinephrine
d
Which of these hormones is required for normal growth? a. thyroid hormone b. growth hormone c. insulin d. All of these hormones are required for normal growth.
c
Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? a. TSH b. FSH c. ADH d. ACTH
d
Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release? a. osteopenia b. elevated blood calcium c. increased loss of bone minerals d. All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release
b
Which of these regulatory substances does the kidney not secrete? a. renin b. angiotensin c. calcitriol d. erythropoietin
d
Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease? a. elevated heart rate b. elevated body temperature c. elevated oxygen utilization d. Patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs.
d
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. a. Humoral antibodies b. Neurotransmitters c. Antigens d. Hormones e. Neuropeptide
e
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein a. calcium-binding globulin. b. calcitriol. c. calcitonin. d. calcitropin. e. calmodulin.
c
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of: a. TSH. b. ACTH. c. ADH. d. LH. e. oxytocin.
d
Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the: a. hypothalamus of the nervous system. b. splenic pulp of the lymphatic system. c. bone marrow of the skeletal system. d. epidermis of the integumentary system. e. endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system.
d
Compared the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________. a. more localized in action b. more rapidly acting c. briefer in action d. Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.
d
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________. a. more rapidly acting b. briefer in action c. more localized in action d. Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.
c
Endocrine cells a. are modified connective-tissue cells. b. release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. c. release their secretions directly into body fluids. d. are a type of nerve cell. e. contain few vesicles.
b
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause: a. dwarfism. b. gigantism. c. diabetes insipidus. d. rickets. e. acromegaly.
b
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting: a. GHIH. b. glucagon. c. thyroid hormone. d. aldosterone. e. antidiuretic hormone.
c
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? a. decrease of insulin b. decrease of blood glucose c. both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose d. increase of blood glucose e. increase of insulin
d
In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false? a. The first is true; the second is false. b. The first is false; the second is true. c. Both statements are false. d. Both statements are true.
e
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, a. blood glucose levels are very high. b. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. c. a large excretion of urine occurs. d. excessive thirst is shown. e. All of the answers are correct.
e
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to: a. cretinism. b. high blood levels of TSH. c. myxedema. d. hypothyroidism. e. All of the answers are correct.
d
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of: a. estrogen. b. progesterone. c. thyroid hormone. d. cAMP. e. testosterone.
b
Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors. a. extracellular b. intranuclear c. G-protein coupled d. transmembran
b
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture: a. CRF and GnRH. b. ADH and oxytocin. c. FSH and PRL. d. GHIH and GHRH. e. TSH and FSH.
c
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. a. neuropeptides; neurohormones b. neurotransmitters; hormones c. hormones; neurotransmitters d. neurotransmitters; neuropeptides e. neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
