A&P - Ch 22 Respiratory HW (Mastering)

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. *-* Henry's law *-* Boyle's law *-* Charles' law *-* Dalton's law

Boyle's law

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________'s law.

Dalton's law

True or false? Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

False - An increase in temperature, PCO2, H+, or BPG levels in blood lowers Hb's affinity for O2, enhancing oxygen unloading from the blood.

Which of the following statements about the pleurae is NOT true? *-* The pleurae create one continuous cavity for both lungs. *-* The parietal and visceral pleura are continuous. *-* The pleural lining reduces friction during ventilation. *-* The visceral pleura covers the external lung surface and lines the fissures between lobes.

The pleurae create one continuous cavity for both lungs.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? *-* The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. *-* How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility. *-* The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

True or false? If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin at any PO2.

True

True or false? To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

True

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement relating to the airflow to the lungs? *-* When the sternum is depressed, expiration occurs. *-* When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs. *-* When the diaphragm is activated, inspiration occurs. *-* When the ribs are elevated, inspiration occurs.

When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs.

Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood? *-* a drop in blood pH *-* increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already *-* a decrease in blood temperature *-* decreases in plasma carbon dioxide

a drop in blood pH - The pH in blood tends to drop when plasma reacts with carbon dioxide, a common condition in tissue. - This pH drop causes weakening of the Hb-O2 bond, a phenomenon called the *Bohr effect*.

Which of these cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli? *-* type I alveolar cells *-* alveolar macrophages *-* type II alveolar cells *-* lymphocytes in blood circulating through the lungs

alveolar macrophages

Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures? *-* terminal bronchioles *-* trachea *-* primary bronchi *-* alveoli

alveoli

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport? *-* as bicarbonate ions in the plasma *-* dissolved in the plasma *-* chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin *-* chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma (about 70%)

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? *-* diaphragm and external intercostals *-* internal intercostals and external oblique *-* diaphragm and internal intercostals

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? *-* coryza *-* emphysema *-* pneumonia *-* tuberculosis

emphysema

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? *-* an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system *-* acetylcholine (ACh) *-* epinephrine *-* histamine

epinephrine

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? *-* intrapulmonary pressure *-* atmospheric pressure *-* transpulmonary pressure *-* intrapleural pressure

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? *-* intrapulmonary pressure *-* intrapleural pressure *-* atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment? *-* transpulmonary pressure *-* intrapulmonary pressure *-* intrapleural pressure *-* atmospheric pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? *-* lungs will collapse *-* lung volume will stay the same *-* lungs will inflate

lungs will collapse

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______. *-* white pulp that performs immune functions *-* red pulp that performs immune functions *-* lymph nodes *-* lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. *-* medulla and pons *-* upper spinal cord and medulla *-* midbrain and medulla *-* pons and midbrain

medulla and pons

Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation? *-* negative intrapulmonary pressure *-* lung elasticity *-* negative intrapleural pressure *-* alveolar fluid surface tension

negative intrapleural pressure

Which of the following is not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? *-* alveolar surface tension *-* partial pressure of oxygen in the air *-* lung compliance *-* airway resistance

partial pressure of oxygen in the air

Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone? *-* pleural cavities *-* thoracic cavity *-* pericardial cavity *-* mediastinum

pleural cavities

Which center is located in the pons? *-* inspiratory center *-* expiratory center *-* pontine respirator group (PRG) *-* pacemaker neuron center

pontine respirator group (PRG)

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration? *-* reduced oxygen levels *-* arterial pH *-* rising carbon dioxide levels *-* an increase in blood pH

rising carbon dioxide levels

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? *-* simple cuboidal epithelium *-* simple squamous epithelium *-* stratified squamous epithelium *-* pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

simple squamous epithelium *Type II alveolar cells:* simple cuboidal epithelium *Tracheal wall:* pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which muscles are activated during forced expiration? *-* the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles *-* the diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles *-* the internal intercostal, oblique, and transversus muscles *-* the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

the internal intercostal, oblique, and transversus muscles

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? *-* type I alveolar cells *-* type II alveolar cells *-* endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries *-* alveolar macrophages

type II alveolar cells

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. *-* ventilation-perfusion coupling *-* chloride shifting *-* the Bohr effect *-* the Haldane effect

ventilation-perfusion coupling - *Chloride Shifting:* an ion exchange process in which chloride ions (Cl-) move from the plasma into the RBCs to counterbalance the rapid outrush of HCO3- anions from the RBCs. - *The Bohr Effect:* both declining blood pH (acidosis) and increasing PCO2 weaken the Hb-O2 bond, thus enhancing oxygen unloading where it is most needed. - *The Haldane Effect:* the lower the PO2 and the lower the Hb saturation with oxygen, the more CO2 that blood can carry.

Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration? *-* pontine respiratory centers *-* midbrain *-* dorsal respiratory group (DRG) *-* ventral respiratory group (VRG)

ventral respiratory group (VRG)