A&P Ch. 25

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone? a. increased blood pressure b. decreased blood pressure c. increased Na+ levels d. decreased Na+ levels

increased blood pressure

Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination. a. stimulated b. inhibited

inhibited

The right kidney is slightly lower because ________. a. it is displaced by the liver b. it is displace by the heart c. it is slightly smaller d. it needs protection of the lower ribs

it is displaced by the liver

Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is due to ________. a. more frequent action potentials b. less frequent action potentials

less frequent action potentials

The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________. a. loop of Henle b. minor calyces c. portal system d. ureter

loop of Henle

Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic effect? a. tea b. coffee c. alcohol d. milk

milk

Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation? a. ATP b. adenosine c. nitric oxide

nitric oxide

What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole? a. arcuate and medullary b. interlobar and interlobular c. peritubular and vasa recta d. peritubular and medullary

peritubular and vasa recta

Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________. a. anuria b. polyuria c. oliguria d. none of the above

polyuria

Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron. a. proximal convoluted tubule b. descending loop of Henle c. ascending loop of Henle d. distal convoluted tubule e. collecting ducts

proximal convoluted tubule

The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________. a. renal medulla b. minor calyces c. medullary cortices d. renal columns

renal columns

The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________. a. the proximal convoluted tubule b. the collecting ducts c. the ascending loop of Henle d. the distal convoluted tubule

the collecting ducts

The functional unit of the kidney is called ________. a. the renal hilus b. the renal corpuscle c. the nephron d. Bowman's capsule

the nephron

Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________. a. urethra b. bladder c. ureters d. urethra, bladder, and ureters

ureters

If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________. a. you would develop systemic edema b. you would retain excess Na+ c. you would lose vitamins and electrolytes d. you would suffer severe dehydration

you would suffer severe dehydration

Which three electrolytes are most closely regulated by the kidney?

The three electrolytes are most closely regulated by the kidney are calcium, sodium, and potassium.

Which vessels and what part of the nephron are involved in countercurrent multiplication?

The vasa recta and loop of Henle are involved in countercurrent multiplication.

Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________. a. glomerulus b. Bowman's capsule c. calyces d. renal papillae

Bowman's capsule

Both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus produce large urine volumes, but how would other characteristics of the urine differ between the two diseases?

Diabetes mellitus would result in urine containing glucose, and diabetes insipidus would produce urine with very low osmolarity (low specific gravity, dilute).

Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production? a. thrombopoeitin b. vitamin D c. EPO d. renin

EPO

Describe how forceful urination is accomplished.

Forceful urination is accomplished by contraction of abdominal muscles.

Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________. a. filtration b. absorption c. secretion d. filtration, absorption, and secretion

filtration, absorption, and secretion

________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration. a. Osmotic b. Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic

PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of what?

PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of calcium.

How can glucose be a diuretic?

In cases of diabetes mellitus, there is more glucose present than the kidney can recover and the excess glucose is lost in the urine. It possesses osmotic character so that it attracts water to the forming urine.

Give the formula for net filtration pressure.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) = glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) - [capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) + blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)]

How does lack of protein in the blood cause edema?

Protein has osmotic properties. If there is not enough protein in the blood, water will be attracted to the interstitial space and the cell cytoplasm resulting in tissue edema.

What anatomical structures provide protection to the kidney?

Retroperitoneal anchoring, renal fat pads, and ribs provide protection to the kidney.

Explain what happens to Na+ concentration in the nephron when GFR increases.

Sodium concentration in the filtrate increases when GFR increases; it will decrease when GFR decreases.

What organs produce which hormones or enzymes in the renin-angiotensin system?

The liver produces angiotensinogen, the lungs produce ACE, and the kidneys produce renin.

Why are females more likely to contract bladder infections than males?

The longer urethra of males means bacteria must travel farther to the bladder to cause an infection.

Name at least five symptoms of kidney failure.

Symptoms of kidney failure are weakness, lethargy, shortness of breath, widespread edema, anemia, metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, heart arrhythmias, uremia, loss of appetite, fatigue, excessive urination, and oliguria.

Give the approximate osmolarity of fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule, deepest part of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts.

The approximate osmolarities are: CT = 300; deepest loop = 1200; DCT = 100; and collecting ducts = 100-1200.

How does the renal portal system differ from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal and digestive portal systems?

The renal portal system has an artery between the first and second capillary bed. The others have a vein.

Name the structures found in the renal hilum.

The structures found in the renal hilum are arteries, veins, ureters, lymphatics, and nerves.

Which structures make up the renal corpuscle?

The structures that make up the renal corpuscle are the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and PCT.

What are the major structures comprising the filtration membrane?

The major structures comprising the filtration membrane are fenestrations and podocyte fenestra, fused basement membrane, and filtration slits.

What is suggested by the presence of white blood cells found in the urine?

The presence of white blood cells found in the urine suggests urinary tract infection.

If you want the kidney to excrete more Na+ in the urine, what do you want the blood flow to do?

To excrete more Na+ in the urine, increase the flow rate.

Why is ADH also called vasopressin?

When first discovered, it was named for its known activity—vasoconstriction.

Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention? a. aldosterone b. ADH c. PTH d. ANH

aldosterone

What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones? a. renin b. nitric oxide c. dopamine d. aldosterone

aldosterone

Which of these is a vasoconstrictor? a. nitric oxide b. natriuretic hormone c. bradykinin d. angiotensin II

angiotensin II

Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________. a. normal b. polyuria c. oliguria d. anuria

anuria

Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal? a. kidneys b. ureters c. bladder d. nephrons

bladder

The color of urine is determined mainly by ________. a. diet b. filtration rate c. byproducts of red blood cell breakdown d. filtration efficiency

byproducts of red blood cell breakdown

When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration. a. contract b. relax

contract

Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform? a. converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol b. converts calcidiol into calcitriol c. stores vitamin D d. none of these

converts calcidiol into calcitriol

Renin is released in response to ________. a. increased blood pressure b. decreased blood pressure c. ACE d. diuretics

decreased blood pressure

Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct. a. true b. false

false

Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs. a. true b. false

false