A&P Ch. 26

rt A What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb? What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb? Ions are actively transported out of the descending limb, and water follows. There is a hydrostatic pressure gradient in the descending limb that allows water to filter out. Water is actively transported by cells of the descending limb. Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb.

Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb.

The sympathetic division of the nervous system has which of the following effects on the kidney? It causes an increase in the GFR because of the constriction of the efferent arteriole. It causes the release of ADH, which increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal portions of the DCT. It triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arteriole. It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.

It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.

Which of the following statements concerning the nephron loop and its function is FALSE? Water moves by osmosis out of the descending limb of the nephron loop. The nephron loop reabsorbs roughly half the water and two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions in the tubular fluid. The pumping of sodium and chloride from the nephron loop elevates the osmotic concentration in the peritubular fluid. Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop.

Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop.

If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate? If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate? Distortion of stretch receptors in the urinary bladder signal contraction of the smooth muscle layers in the bladder wall. The parasympathetic preganglionic motor fibers in the pelvic nerves innervate the skeletal muscle sphincters. The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine. Interneurons in the CNS relay signals to the parasympathetic preganglionic motor fibers in the pelvic nerves.

The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine. The first statement is false but the second statement is true. The first statement is true but the second statement is false. Both statements are false. Both statements are true most of the time.

both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine

Which of the following disorders describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production? diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus type 1 None of the listed responses is correct.

diabetes insipidus

What nephron region is comprised of cuboidal cells with few, if any, microvilli that functions to reabsorb sodium and calcium ions, and secretes drugs, toxins, ammonia, and acids?

distal convoluted tubule

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the minor calyx. distal convoluted tubule. collecting loop. proximal convoluted tubule. nephron loop (loop of Henle).

nephron loop

Urine production begins in the __________. pyramids papillae pyramids and papillae nephrons

nephrons

Which of the following conditions does NOT occur as the urinary system ages? Problems occur with the micturition reflex. Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH. The GFR declines. The number of functional nephrons declines.

nephrons become more sensitive to ADH

The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the __________. glomerular hydrostatic pressure net filtration pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure glomerular filtration rate

net filtration pressure

Which of the following is NOT an example of carrier-mediated transport? osmosis active transport facilitated diffusion cotransport

osmosis

In which region would you find interlobar arteries? renal sinus renal column cortex renal pyramid

renal column

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the renal pyramid. renal corpuscle. renal papilla. collecting tubule system. nephron loop (loop of Henle).

renal corpuscle

In the renal tubule, the transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the tubular fluid is called

secretion

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance passes during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. dense layer 4. capillary endothelium What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance passes during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. dense layer 4. capillary endothelium 2, 4, 3, 1 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 4, 1, 2, 3 3, 1, 4, 2

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport? The distribution of carrier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another. A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions. The membrane of a single tubular cell contains more than one type of carrier protein. In carrier-mediated transport, a specific substrate binds to a carrier protein.

A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both direction

Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli? glomerular capsule PCT nephron loop glomerulus

PCT

Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is FALSE? Relaxation of the external sphincter occurs under voluntary control. Interneurons in the spinal cord relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord. Increased afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder facilitate parasympathetic motor neurons in the spinal cord.

The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration

a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration

The renal sinus is The renal sinus is a renal corpuscle. part of a renal pyramid. the innermost layer of kidney tissue. a large branch of the renal pelvis. an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process? Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process? Uric acid is excreted into the kidney tubules while urea is reabsorbed in the loops of Henle. Creatinine is actively transported out of the blood into urine. Sodium is pumped into the blood while potassium is actively transported out of the blood back into the tissues. A higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine. Glucose and sodium are cotransported from urine back into blood.

a higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine

A glomerulus is A glomerulus is the source of erythropoietin. attached to the collecting duct. the expanded end of a nephron. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

The fibrous capsule is __________. a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds each kidney a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney the outermost region of each kidney a dense outer layer of fibers that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures

a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to dilation of the afferent arterioles. excessive ADH secretion. absence of ADH. overproduction of aldosterone. hematuric oliguria.

absence of ADH

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Nutrient reabsorption occurs primarily at the proximal convoluted tubule. Filtration occurs exclusively in the renal corpuscle, across the glomerular walls. The nephron loop regulates the amount of water lost in the urine. Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct.

active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct

What endocrine gland sits on top of each kidney?

adrenal gland

Cortical radiate arteries branch to form __________, which enter __________. afferent arterioles; glomeruli efferent arterioles; glomeruli vasa recta; venules None of the listed responses is correct.

afferent arterioles; glomeruli

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. albumin amino acids sodium ions glucose urea

albumin

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to reduction of blood pressure. increased urinary loss of sodium. decreased sodium reabsorption. less secretion of aldosterone. All of the answers are correct.

all

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? presence of protein in urine presence of blood in urine damage to the glomeruli permanent kidney injury All of the answers are correct.

all

Reabsorption and secretion at the kidneys involve __________. carrier-mediated transport osmosis diffusion All of the listed responses are correct.

all

The functions of the urinary system include which of the following? regulating ion concentrations detoxifying poisons stabilizing pH All of the listed responses are correct.

all

The kidneys are __________. posterior to the spleen, stomach, and liver each surrounded by a fibrous capsule, adipose, and renal fascia in a retroperitoneal location behind the parietal peritoneum All of the listed responses are correct.

all

The segments of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle are responsible for __________. reabsorption of over 90 percent of water from the tubule secretion of waste materials reabsorption of useful organic substrates All of the listed responses are correct.

all

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by releasing renin. adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. releasing erythropoietin. regulating NaCl levels in the blood. All of the answers are correct.

all

Which of the following activities occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule? Which of the following activities occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule? reabsorption of 99 percent of organic nutrients secretion of hydrogen ions reabsorption of water All of the listed activities occur at the proximal convoluted tubule.

all

Why might a person take diuretics? Why might a person take diuretics? to reduce blood pressure to reduce body weight to reduce water retention to treat congestive heart failure All the answers are correct.

all

Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal caries. otoliths. plaque. lithotrophs. calculi.

calculi

Each of the following substances is secreted by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) EXCEPT __________. hydrogen ions potassium ions ammonium ions chloride ions

chloride ions

In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles? medulla cortex renal pelvis renal sinus

cortex

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. medulla cortex pelvis vasa recta calyces

cortex

To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries? cortical radiate arteries glomerulus afferent arterioles segmental arteries

cortical radiate arteries

In the process of ________, two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process. In the process of ________, two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process. cotransport simple diffusion active transport countertransport co-osmosis

cotransport

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of diffusion. countertransport. facilitated diffusion. active transport. cotransport.

cotransport

The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. glucose tolerance creatinine clearance inulin CBC or complete blood count SGOT

creatinine clearance

Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is renal failure. large amounts of dilute urine. dribbling urination. glycosuria. hematuria.

dribbling urination

Countercurrent refers to the __________. exchange occurring between fluids moving in the same direction lack of exchange between two fluids exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions None of the listed responses is correct.

exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions

The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. facilitated diffusion active transport bulk transport osmosis simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. pyelonephritis renal calculi polycystic kidney disease floating kidney renal failure

floating kidney

The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________. The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________. from glomerular capsule to PCT from glomerulus to glomerular capsule from afferent arteriole to glomerulus from PCT to DCT

from glomerulus to glomerular capsule

The process of filtration occurs at the The process of filtration occurs at the distal convoluted tubule. collecting duct. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. nephron loop (loop of Henle). proximal convoluted tubule.

glomerular capsule

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the kidney filtrate volume. glomerular filtration rate. colloid pressure. net filtration pressure. plasma volume.

glomerular filtration rate

You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus. You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus. diabetes polycystic kidney renal calculi glomerulonephritis cystitis

glomerulonephritis

2c) The renal corpuscle consists of Bowman's capsule and a network of capillaries called a...

glomerulus

The renal corpuscle consists of the __________. proximal and distal convoluted tubules glomerulus and glomerular capsule major calyx and minor calyces renal pelvis and renal papillae

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Which of the following is NOT found in normal urine? sodium creatinine urea glucose

glucose

A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue __________. in the nephron loop in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in the renal corpuscle in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

in the nephron loop

The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb. in the same direction as slower than in the opposite direction of faster than

in the opposite direction of

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to decrease secretion of aldosterone. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. decrease urinary albumin concentration.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except trigger renin release. reduce blood flow to kidneys. produce renal ischemia. increase the glomerular filtration rate. produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.

increase the glomerular filtration rate

Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). a decline in the number of functional nephrons. problems with the micturition reflex. loss of sphincter muscle tone. increased sensitivity to ADH.

increased sensitivity to ADH

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the urinary system? decline in the number of functional nephrons increased sensitivity to ADH reduction in the GFR problems with urinary retention

increased sensitivity to ADH

Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is __________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole. lower than much lower than much higher than higher than

much higher than

Which of the following statements about the hilum of the kidney is FALSE? It is the site of the adrenal glands. It is a prominent indentation. It is the point of entry of the renal artery and renal nerves. All of the listed responses are false; none is true.

it is the site of the adrenal glands

Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE? Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE? It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves. It contracts the wall of the urinary bladder. It is composed of smooth muscle. It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.

it moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis

Urine production begins in microscopic structures called

kidney lobe

Major calyces are Major calyces are expanded ends of nephrons. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. the expanded ends of renal pyramids. basic functional layers of the kidney. large branches of the renal pelvis.

large branches of the renal pelvis

Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? creatinine amino acids large proteins urea hydrogen ions

large proteins

The inner layer of the kidney is the __________. renal sinus renal papilla medulla cortex

medulla

1) The scientific term for urination is _____________.

micturition

After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is __________. more concentrated extremely alkaline less concentrated unchanged

more concentrated

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. efferent cortical glomerular vasa recta peritubular

peritubular

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are proximal capillaries. efferent arterioles. peritubular capillaries. corticoradiate capillaries. vasa recta capillaries.

peritubular capillaries

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules. ________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules. Polycystic kidney disease Hematuria Calculus Renal failure Glomerulonephritis

polycystic kidney disease

Juxtaglomerular nephrons __________. do not produce urine produce little urine account for 85 percent of all nephrons produce concentrated urine

produce concentrated urine

The renal papilla __________. projects into the renal sinus consists of 6 to 18 pyramids absorbs excess water All of the listed responses are correct.

projects into the renal sinus

In which of the structures does reabsorption of organic substrates occur?

proximal convoluted tubule

What nephron region is comprised of cuboidal cells with microvilli that functions to reabsorb organic molecules, and water, and secretes drugs, toxins, and acids

proximal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins? proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) glomerulus nephron loop distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

proximal convoluted tubule

You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended? You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended? an MRI a liver enzyme assay an angiogram a liver biopsy a pyelogram

pyelogram

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called pyramids. calyces. renal columns. renal pelvises. nephrons.

pyramids

In the renal tubule, the removal of water and solutes from the filtrate, and their movement across the tubular epithelium into the peritubular fluid is called...

reabsorption

Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule. regulates water reabsorption regulates osmolarity of urine regulates glucose and amino acid exchange regulates potassium and sodium exchange

regulates potassium and sodium exchange

The functions of the urinary system include all of the following EXCEPT __________. stabilizing blood pH regulating blood volume and blood pressure regulating body temperature regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes

regulating body temp

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. superior inferior transverse anterior posterior

superior

Net filtration pressure can be measured as __________. the difference between the blood pressure and the glomerular filtration rate the addition of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure None of the listed responses is correct.

the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure

How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone. Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys. The kidney produces calcitriol. Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone. Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.

the kidney produces calcitriol

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by lymphatics. the ureters. the urethra. blood vessels. the calyces.

the ureters

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. stratified squamous simple columnar pseudostratified columnar simple cuboidal transitional

transitional

The mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of __________. transitional epithelium stratified squamous epithelium detrusor muscles simple cuboidal epithelium

transitional epithelium

The collecting system __________. adjusts the concentration and composition of urine transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine transports fluid to the renal pelvis is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the trigone. renal pelvis. vasa recta. pyramid. JG apparatus.

trigone

Elimination of organic wastes in the urine helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of the blood. Name three important metabolic wastes that are eliminated by the body in urine.

urea, creatinine, uric acid

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the collecting duct. urethra. glomerulus. convoluted tubule. ureter.

urethra

List four organic solutes that should only be present in negligible quantities, or not be present at all, in the urine of a healthy individual

uric acid, hippuric acid, idiean, ketone bodies

Urine is temporarily stored in the Urine is temporarily stored in the kidney. urethra. ureter. trigone. urinary bladder.

urinary bladder

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle). The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle). glomerulus peritubular capillary bed afferent arteriolar bed vasa recta collecting duct

vasa recta

The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called __________. the juxtaglomerular complex glomeruli the vasa recta the glomerular capsule

vasa recta

Because of various factors - your weight gain over the last 5 years, your hereditary predisposition to heart disease that runs in your family, and an interest in getting "back to nature" - you decide to go on a vegan diet, totally restricting your intake of all meat and dairy. Because you dislike taking pills of any sort, you depend upon your vegetable intake as the source for all nutrients for your body. When explaining this to your doctor beforehand, she cautions you about the possibility of low lysine and methionine levels. What is the problem? There are not enough vitamins in a meatless diet to make enough lysine and methionine. You may be at risk for deficiency of certain essential amino acids. Plants have much more sugar and carbohydrates than meats. Your insulin levels will be very low, causing lysine and methionine levels to also be low. Plants contain less urea, uric acid, and creatinine than meats.

you may be at risk for deficiency of certain essential amino acids