A&P Chapter 12 Review

Where does the "programming" phase leading to immunocompetence occur for T cells?

in the Thymus

What are the two types of lymphocytes in adaptive responses?

B and T lymphocytes

What is NOT a nonspecific immune response?

B cell production of antibodies

What is the B lymphocytes function?

B lymphocytes mount a humoral response by producing antibodies

What is the difference between an antigen and a self-antigen?

An antigen is a foreign substance in the body. A self-antigen is a body protein, typically displayed in the plasma membrane, that is foreign to anyone but oneself.

These cells release histamine, which produce most of the allergic symptoms.

mast cells

Which lymph node structure are phagocytic macrophage found?

medulla

After an initial chicken pox infection/exposure, ____ would remain in the body, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

memory T and B cells

Natural killer cells attack the target cell's membrane, releasing ____, which initiate disintegration of the target cell membrane and nucleus.

perforins

The role of T cells is to ____.

perform a surveillance role

White blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria are called ____.

phagocytes

What is a form of natural passive immunity, in which no immunological memory is established?

placenta or breast milk

Which of the following areas is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

right arm

A person who has recovered from mumps is protected from contracting the disease again by a ____.

secondary immune response

What best describes how the cells that form the walls of lymph capillaries aid in regulating interstitial fluid?

the edges ocerlap, making a mini valve

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens is ____.

the skin

The most important non specific defense of the body is ____.

the skin

T cells must take part in what is sometimes called the double handshake in order to be activated. What does this mean?

T cells have to bind to both an antigenic particle and to a self protein on the antigen presenting cell

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

T lymphocytes mount the cellular response by activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells and stimulating the inflammatory response

What is an example of the body's third line of defense?

adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes

This occurs when the body recognizes harmless substances as harmful and initiates a reaction against them.

allergies

The substance produced by virus infected cells that help other cells resist viral infections is ____.

an interferon

Proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind to specific pathogens are called ____.

antibodies

The injection of weakened pathogens to produce immunity is a ____.

vaccination

The immune cells involved in allergic reactions, especially in the lining of the nasal passages, causing sneezing and runny nose ____.

are mast cells

Why are elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers?

because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age

During an inflammatory response, histamine is released ____ blood vessels dilate and pain receptors are activated.

before

What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?

cytotoxic T cells

Monoclonal antibodies are commercial preparations of a pure antibody that reacts to a single antigen. What are examples of current uses of monoclonal antibodies?

deliver drugs to fight cancer, diagnose pregnancy, early cancer diagnosis

The most important function of the spleen is to ____.

destory and process worn-out red blood cells

The keratinized ____ and ____ are the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

epidermis; mucous membrane

What is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell

Three important aspects of the adaptive defense are that it is antigen specific, it is systemic and it ____.

has a memory

Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells?

helper T cells

important in recruiting other cells to fight invaders, ____ can be though of as the "director" or "manager" of the immune system.

helper T cells

allergic symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose and watery eyes, result from ____.

histamines

What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells?

IgM

____ is an element of the second line of defense, and is a nonspecific response.

Inflammation

How do the innate and adaptive defenses differ?

Innate defenses are nonspecific and always ready to protect the body. They include intact membranes (mucosa, skin), inflammatory response, and several protective cell types and chemicals. Adaptive defenses must be programmed and specifically target particular pathogens or antigens.

This protein stimulates healthy neighbouring cells to produce antiviral proteins.

Interferon

How does complement cause lysis of a pathogenic microorganism?

It attaches to foreign cells, and when it is activated, membrane attack complexes (MACs) are inserted in the foreign cell's membrane and produce lesions that allow water entry and cause lysis.

Found in the wall of the small intestine, ____ captures and destroys bacteria before they invade the intestinal wall.

Peyer's patches

How do antibodies prevent viruses from attacking cells?

They bind to viral antigens and neutralize the virus particles

Which type of infectious microorganism causes the body's level of interferons to rise?

Viruses elicit interferon formation

The third line of defense comes into play if ____.

a damaged area contains pathogens that have previosly invaded the body

An infection may spread throughout the body, commonly causing swelling and tenderness of the ____.

lymph nodes

The lymph nodes help protect the body by removing potentially threatening substances such as viruses, by producing ____.

lymphocytes