A&P Chapter 1&2 HW

Feeling feverish; urinary system.

Kenji Oshima (called KO) is a 58-year-old man who has not been to the doctor's office for many years, which is not uncommon for men his age. He has insurance provided by his employer, but he hasn't used it because he hasn't been sick. Unfortunately, over the last eight months this has changed. In this period KO inexplicably has lost almost 20 pounds, and has regular episodes of heartburn. He frequently becomes short of breath and nauseated, which is followed by frightening episodes where he feels feverish and sweaty. He finally decided, with pressure from his wife and daughter, that he needed a full checkup.After KO filled out a medical history questionnaire in the waiting area, it didn't take too long for him to be called back to an examination room. The medical assistant took KO's vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate) and measured his height and weight, and then ushered him into a small examination room. KO was given a gown to wear and instructed to disrobe completely under the gown, and then to have a seat on the exam table.Miss Young, ARNP, introduced herself as the nurse practitioner who would be asking KO many questions in addition to those on the questionnaire. She said she would also be performing the physical portion of his exam. Ms. Young noticed that KO's father had died of gastric cancer at the age of 64.When KO asked if he was supposed to see a doctor or a nurse practitioner, Ms. Young explained her role in the family practice medical group, something she explained regularly to new patients. KO wasn't that familiar with the changes in healthcare and the types of providers that were practicing these days. He admitted that he was nervous about the appointment in general and meant no disrespect, but he was curious about Ms. Young's qualifications and her educational background. Seeing KO's apprehension, Ms. Young encouraged him to ask questions about anything that he felt would put his mind at ease.It is critical to develop a rapport with a new patient that is built on mutual respect and trust. This is the foundation that allows a healthcare provider to ask for and collect sensitive information that patients are sometimes unwilling to discuss even with close family members. In this same way, the study of anatomy and physiology is an important educational foundation to which aspiring healthcare providers must commit themselves. Without a solid foundation, the obligation to lifelong learning that all professions within the healthcare field advocate is a hollow oath. The history and physical examination is a detailed process that attempts to establish a connection between the information provided by the patient about their health and lifestyle with the physical findings from the inspection of each of the eleven body systems. Which of KO's symptoms is paired incorrectly with the body system that might produce that symptom?

O, N, C, H

Which answer correctly ranks the atoms in terms of decreasing electronegativity (the highest electronegativity first)?

The C that's in C=O.

Which atom in the pictured molecule will have the strongest partial positive charge?

tissue level

Which major structural level of organization is missing from the figure?

Ionic compounds readily dissolve in water, meaning they are hydrophilic.

hydrophilic

Nonpolar covalent compounds do not dissolve in water, meaning they are hydrophobic.

hydrophobic

Many chemical reactions, called dehydration synthesis reactions, occur by removing water.

dehydration

The central part of an atom is called the nucleus.

nucleus

While a dipeptide has two amino acids, a polypeptide has many.

polypeptide

buffer

A chemical system that resists changes in pH and prevents large swings in the pH is called __________.

in the diaphysis of the left femur, close to the knee

A fracture in the left femoral region that is 5 centimeters proximal to the patellar region and 30 centimeters distal to the coxal region will be __________.

Inflammation of the pleura rubbing against each other

A patient comes in with painful difficulty breathing but no persistent cough. When observing with a stethoscope, you can hear a friction rub (almost as if two sandpapers are rubbing up against one another) when asked to inhale. What could possibly be the cause of this phenomenon?

suspension Blood is an example of a suspension. Blood cells are "suspended" in the plasma, the fluid portion of blood.

Blood is a mixture of fluid and insoluble particles that are large enough to be visible, such as blood cells and platelets. Therefore, blood is a __________.

distal

A scar located in the tarsal region of the left leg would be considered _______ to the patellar region.

18 The number of electrons will be 1 more than the number of protons: 17 protons and 18 electrons will give an overall -1 charge.

Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. How many electrons will be in a chloride ion with a charge of -1?

steroid synthesized from cholesterol

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

microscopic anatomy

Cytology is a topic within the field of __________.

Wrong again, Ralph. Both bonds are nonpolar. When two atoms of the same kind form a covalent bond, they share electrons equally because their electronegativity is the same.

Dr. Haxton says the O-O bond is polar and the C-C bond is nonpolar. A good student would say ...

chloride

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?

false

Enzymes bind with substrates at their active sites and are permanently altered by the binding process.

Water acts as a reactant.

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

N and H differ in electronegativity more than any other bonded pair of atoms in the list, making the N-H bond most polar.

If you want a molecule that is highly polar, look for one that contains:

Parietal peritoneum → visceral peritoneum → peritoneal cavity → visceral peritoneum → parietal peritoneum → parietal pleura → visceral pleura → pleural cavity

In an industrial accident, a piece of shattered equipment enters a man's body near the right anterior pelvis and travels through the organs until it rests inside the left lung. Select the correct order of body cavities and serious membranes which the shattered equipment will penetrate through.

ventral

In humans, the term anterior is the same as __________.

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

A molecule of sodium (Na2) will not exist in nature.

Sodium (Na) atoms have a single valence electron, and so each of these atoms has only one electron to share. Which of the following is true? Sodium will share its one electron with seven other atoms. Sodium is stable and unreactive. A molecule of sodium (Na2) will not exist in nature. Sodium will share its one electron with hydrogen.

23 atomic number is equal to the number of protons in an atom

Sodium has an atomic number 11 and 12 neutrons. Its mass number is __________.

structure of tissues

Histology is the study of the __________.

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Homeostasis is defined as __________.

parietal pleura

If a needle punctures the serous membranes around the lungs, the first layer that the needle will go through is the __________.

a synthesis reaction or anabolic reaction

The reaction A + B → AB is __________.

skeletal muscle

This figure represents a negative feedback loop that controls body temperature. What is the effector in this regulatory mechanism?

a nonpolar covalent bond The two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons equally because both have the same electronegativity.

This is an example of __________.

an ionic bond Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, which creates a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion. The two oppositely charged ions attract each other, and this attraction is called an ionic bond.

This is an example of __________.

molecules

Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically combined are known as:

O and H are at opposite ends of the electronegativity scale, so the polarity is very large.

Use your knowledge of electronegativity to pick out the most polar bond in the list below.

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

survey, question, read, recite, and review

What does the SQ3R method stand for?

armpit

What does the term axillary mean? The term axillary means pertaining to the________.

Electron exchange occurs.

What happens in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

polar molecule

What is a dipole?

Read and prepare notes before attending your class or laboratory.

What is a good strategy for class or laboratory preparation?

fatty acid

What is the building block of a lipid?

Buffer systems prevent large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution.

What is the function of a buffer system?

the chemical level

What is the smallest level of organization in the human body?

core principle of feedback loops

What is this?

effector

What part of a feedback loop causes physiological responses to return the variable to the normal homeostatic range?

hydrogen bond

What type of bond is responsible for the surface tension of water?

nonpolar covalent compound

What type of compound is NOT likely to dissolve in water?

exergonic reaction

What type of reaction releases energy?

mass number

What varies from one isotope of an element to another isotope of the same element?

pressure gradient

When you breathe, the pressure inside the lungs is different than the pressure outside the lungs. This is an example of a(n) __________.

left iliac region

Which of the following abdominopelvic regions will overlap with the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?

Composed of atoms

Which of the following characteristics is NOT one of the unique characteristics of living organisms?

calcium

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major elements found in the human body?

regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of hormones

Which of the following is a function of this organ system?

existence of reflexes

Which of the following is not one of the core principles of anatomy and physiology introduced in this textbook?

chemical level-> cellular level-> tissue level-> organ level-> organ system level-> organismal level

Which of the following is the correct sequence, from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body?

sural

Which of the following regions corresponds to the calf?

Only certain physiological variables can be controlled by homeostatic mechanisms.

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is correct? Only certain physiological variables can be controlled by homeostatic mechanisms. Negative feedback has bad consequences for the body. Regulatory mechanisms and feedback loops are either "on" or "off." The internal environment of the body is stable and static.

A compound made of a metal and a nonmetal is hydrophilic Ionic compounds are those containing a bond between a metal and nonmetal, and they are hydrophilic.

Which of the following statements is accurate? A compound made of a metal and nonmetal is hydrophobic A compound made only of carbon and hydrogen is hydrophilic A compound consisting of two identical nonmetals is hydrophilic A compound made of a metal and a nonmetal is hydrophilic

pH of 3 the lower the pH, the more acidic the fluid. pH is inversely related to the number of H+ ions. As the number of H+ ions increases (and thus the acidity increases), the pH decreases. Therefore, a pH of 3 is the most acidic of the three values given.

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Which statement best describes enzyme function?

respiratory and urinary Submit

Which two organ systems work to correct pH imbalances in the body?

chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy allowing the motion to occur.

While exercising, your body temperature increases, causing you to feel hot and begin sweating. This increase in temperature occurs because:

frontal plane

You are dissecting an eye and you want to cut it into an anterior and a posterior section. You should cut along the __________.

ion.

Na+ is best known as a(n):

proteins.

Amino acids are the monomers for:

isotopes

Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called __________.

nonpolar covalent molecule If a molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen, it is nonpolar covalent.

C2H6 is a(n)

ionic bonds.

Salts are held together by:

deep

Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The skeletal muscles are ________ to the skin.

the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.

Ionic bonds result from:

Visceral peritoneum.

KO's history of unexplained weight loss, palpable left upper quadrant pain, stomach pain made worse by eating, and persistent heartburn were concerning. The nausea could be associated with heartburn, but periodic hot flashes and shortness of breath were out of context with these mostly gastrointestinal symptoms. Ms. Young thought they were all related, but KO's Japanese heritage and the fact that his father had died from stomach cancer made the decision to refer KO to a gastroenterologist (a specialist of the gastrointestinal system) simple.Ms. Young discussed her concerns with KO, and then sent him for several blood tests that the gastroenterologist would want prior to seeing KO. If KO is diagnosed with stomach cancer, surgery might be required. When making an incision through the wall of the stomach, which portion of the serous membrane is the surgeon cutting through?

means "stomach." means "nerve." means "similar to." means "heart." means "lung."

Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings. gastr- neur- homeo- cardi- pulmo-

means "many." means "fear" or "sensitivity to" something. means "attraction" or "loving." means "center." means "water."

Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings. poly- -phob -phil nuc- hydr-

means "across" or "through." means "before." means "arm." means "below."

Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings. trans- ante- branchi- hypo-

hydrophobic

Methane is a nonpolar covalent molecule. Methane is:__________.

The frontal (coronal) plane.

Ms. Young began her examination by asking KO what his main reason was for making the appointment. KO stated that his wife and daughter had been concerned after he had lost some weight without trying over a few months. He was less concerned about the weight loss than he was about the fact that he had terrible heartburn and even stomach pain, especially after eating. He had tried over-the-counter remedies with some success, but lately they weren't working as well. Lastly, he described the episodes where he had trouble catching his breath, followed by nausea and hot flashes.Ms. Young began the physical exam by examining his head and neck. She used the ophthalmoscope to look into KO's eyes and to inspect his mouth. The otoscope was used to examine his ears. Ms. Young used her well-trained sense of touch to palpate the cervical region for any abnormalities such as an enlarged thyroid gland, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, or any unusual lumps or masses.Ms. Young continued her examination of KO's surface anatomy and moved to somewhat deeper, but palpable anatomy. She inspected the surface anatomy by moving inferiorly from the head and neck to the thorax and then abdomen. Ms. Young palpated each quadrant of the abdomen, and then assessed deeper structures by percussion, in which she forcefully tapped on the overlying surface and listened to the sound produced. Deeper palpation in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen elicited a grunt of pain from KO. She made a notation of this response in KO's chart and continued the examination.The nurse practitioner then inspected each of KO's upper limbs, starting at the shoulder and moving distally to the fingertips. She repeated this procedure moving from the hips to the toes. As she did this, she inspected the surface anatomy, assessed muscle strength, and tested skeletal muscle reflexes.After each body region was examined, Ms. Young documented her findings. This was a systematic examination that she had performed numerous times. KO, impressed with Ms. Young's professionalism, commented on how efficiently she worked her way through the exam process. She replied that she had been trained to perform H and Ps the same way, in the same order every time, to ensure that nothing would be overlooked. Finding a diagnosis for KO's heartburn and stomach pain may require additional procedures such as a CT scan. . Which of the following planes of section would provide an anterior view of the entire length of the esophagus?

respiratory system

Name this organ system?

function; structure

Physiology is to __________ as anatomy is to __________.

protons

Positively charged subatomic particles are called __________.

lose their function When a protein loses its shape, it loses its function. This is an example of the structure-function core principle.

Prions are infectious particles that can cause normal proteins to assume a misfolded shape. When the proteins assume an abnormal three- dimensional shape, they:

There will be increased friction between the visceral and parietal pericardium.

Rheumatic fever is a disease that can result in decreased amount of serous fluid in the pericardial sac. Predict the effect of this condition.

visceral layer of the serous membrane

The arrow is pointing to the __________.

hydrogen bonds

The bonds between neighboring water molecules in the figure are __________.

electrolytes

The cations and anions that result when a salt dissolves are called __________.

Tumor in the bladder can lead to the disproportionate growth of epithelial tissue that allows the bladder to stretch; therefore, it will create a constant urgency to urinate.

The cells of cancerous tumors undergo changes that cause them to bear little to no resemblance to their original cell type. Predict how this will affect the ability of these cells to perform their functions. (Hint: Consider the structure- function relationship.)

superior

The cephalic region is __________ to the gluteal region.

dorsal posterior body cavity

The cranial cavity is a subdivision of the __________.

ionic bond.

The formation of a cation and an anion is indicative of a(n):

oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon.

The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body's mass, are:

lemon juice

The most acidic substance in the figure is __________.