A&P Chapter 25

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

a

Why is it that lipids cannot provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?

all are correct

Metabolism refers to __________.

all the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

The first step in the sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of

citric acid

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

cytosol

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss of electrons is called __________.

oxidation

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

substrate level phosphorylation

Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are

usually unable to metabolize other molecules

What is the vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in the deamination process?

vitamin B6

What is the total ATP production just from the acetyl-CoA fragments of an 18-carbon fatty acid?

120

When considering the chemicals in the nutrient pool, which chemical is LEAST likely to be broken down to supply energy for the cell?

Amino acids

Which nutrient in the nutrient pool is most often used to replace structural and functional components of the cell?

Amino acids

Cells in our body are constantly building new molecules to replace worn-out structures. This process is what part of cellular metabolism?

Anabolism

In the nutrient pool, which chemical is best suited for storage of energy content?

Fatty acids

What happens to a glucose molecule as a result of the reactions of glycolysis?

Formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid

Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol?

Glycolysis

Which process in the metabolism of glucose does not require oxygen?

Glycolysis

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

HDL's

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

HDLs

What lipoproteins transport cholesterol to cells of the body?

LDL

What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP?

Removal of electrons from substrates

The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP?

The diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane.

Catabolizing fatty acids by beta-oxidation results in the formation of what product?

acetyl-coa

The factors that make protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy include which of the following

all of them are correct

The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called

amination

The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments is __________.

beta-oxidation

Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to the liver?

chylmoicrons

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

d

If the cells are catabolizing amino acids for energy, what is the first step in amino acid catabolism?

deamination

The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

deamination

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

electron transport system

The flow and transformation of energy is called __________.

energetics

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.

essential

What is the term for an amino acid that either cannot be synthesized or is not synthesized in adequate amounts in the body?

essential amino acids

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?

excess ketone formation

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.

heat

The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver is

high-density lipoprotein

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

k

The synthesis of lipids is called

lipogenesis

Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that

lips are converted into glycogen molecules

What is the primary focus of nutritional processing in the postabsorptive state?

maintaining blood glucose levels

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called __________.

metabolism

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

Which of the following tissues contains no reserves of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins and can metabolize only glucose?

neural tissue

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates in order to __________.

obtain energy

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorbitive

Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are exported and bound to

proteins

If excess glucose remains in the blood circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use the glucose to

synthesize triglycerides

The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is

the absorptive state

The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.

the citric acid cycle

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

zinc

What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria?

Pyruvate

Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules? (Figure 25-2)

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.

36 molecules of ATP

The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.

42 percent

Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

It becomes part of a water molecule.

Which part of the cell is most heavily involved in energetics?

Mitochondria

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

NAD, FAD

All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria?

Two-carbon fragments

All of the following occur during glycolysis, except

a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

bulimia

The end products of aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of their metabolic demand is met through the

catabolism and fatty acids

When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules can be

catabolized for energy, used to build energy reserves, and used for growth and tissue repair

Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?

free fatty acids

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except

glycogenesis

Physicians have found improved outcomes when forcefully cooling specific organs or the whole body prior to surgery in a process called

induced hypothermia

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of

radiation

During the catabolism of glucose, some energy is captured by __________ molecules, while the rest of the energy is lost mainly as ________.

reduced, heat

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.

reduced, oxidized

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would

slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

two ATP for the cell

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea