A&P Chapter 4

gland that collect their secretory products inside the cell and then rupture completely to release it "self destruction" sebacous glands of the skin

Holocrine glands

a thin, sheet like structure that may have many important functions in the body. cover and protect the body surface, line body cavities. cover inner surfaces of organs, anchor organs to each other and to bones, secrete lubricating fluids to reduce friction during movement

Membranes

most glands are this type; discharge their secretion product directly through the cell or plasma membrane, no injury to the cell, exocytosis and active transport

Merocrine glands

membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to the exterior, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts

Mucous membrane

description; hard calcified matrix location; bones

Others; bone "osseous tissue

"blank" membrane has two different surfaces that line body cavities Parietal membrane - lines the wall of the cavity and Visceral membrane - covers surface of viscer

Serous membrane

lines cavities that are NOT open to the external environment simple squamous epithelium and thin sheet of areolar connective tissue

Serous membrane

a group of similar cells that perform a common function

Tissue

one cell glands, mucous cells and goblet cells, are sprinkled in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts

Unicellular exocrine glands

description; branching, striated function; involuntary control location; walls of the heart, very specialized

cardiac muscle

description; thick collagen fibers predominate function; tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock location; intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis, discs of the knee joint

cartilage; fibrocartilage

primary cell type in cartilage

chondroblast

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

classes of connective tissue

tough and strong made of collegan 'wet collagen is gelatin' often occurs in bundles

collagenous fibers

Description: parallel collagen fibers function; attaches muscles to bones or to mucles, attaches bones to bones location; tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

connective tissue proper; dense connective tissue, dense regular

description; irregular collagen fibers function; structural strength location; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract

connective tissue proper; dense connective tissue; dense irregular

description; dense regular tissue with high elastic fibers function; allows recoil of tissue following stretching location; walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

connective tissue proper; dense connective tissue; elastic

function: provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs Location; under skin in the hypodermis around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen and breasts

connective tissue proper; loose connective tissue, adipose

description: network of reticular fibers and reticular cells function; fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types Location; lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

connective tissue proper; loose connective tissue, reticular

function: wraps and cushions organs, location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, basement membrane, lamina propria

connective tissue proper; loose connective tissue; areolar

ductless glands; discharge their secretion products 'hormones' directly into blood or interstitial fluid

endocrine glands

tissues that have the greatest capacity to regenerate or repair

epithelial and connective tissues

tissue with small amount of intercellular matrix compared to other tissues, they usually look like a continuous sheet of tightly packed cells

epithelial tissue

glands secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities

exocrine glands

primary cell type in connective tissue proper

fibroblast cells

protection sensory functions secretion absorption filtration excretion

functions of epithelial tissue

primary cell type from which blood cells arise

hematopoietic stem cell

a layer of loose connective tissue underneath the epithelial sheet is the

lamina properia

have two basic parts, an epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit consisting of secretory cells

multicellular exocrine glands

tissues have limited capacity to regenerate and are usually replaced with fibrous connective tissue

muscle tissue

tissue with most limited capacity to regenerate

nerve tissue

function; transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors location; brain, spinal cord, and nerves

nervous tissue

primary cell type on bone

osteoblast

description; red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix 'plasma' function; transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances location; contained within blood vessels

others; blood

description; single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface function; secretion, particularly of mucous location; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

delicate, occur in networks, support capillaries and nerve fibers, made of fine collagen fibers

reticular fibers

description; single layer of tall cells function; absorption location; most of the digestive tract, cilliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

simple columnar epithelium

description; single layer of cubelike cells function; secretion and absorption location; kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

simple cuboidal epithelium

description; single layer of flattened cells function; allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration location; kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

simple squamous epithelium

description; long cylindrical multinucleate cells contains neurons, adn neuroglia 'support cells' function; voluntary movement location; attached to bones

skeletal muscle

description; spindle shaped cells function; propels substances or objects, involuntary control location; mostly in the walls of hollow organs; reproductive tract and urinary tract

smooth muscle

description; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active. surface cells are flattened 'squamous' function; protection location; esophagus, mouth, and vagina, epidermis of the skin

stratified squamous epithelium

cutaneous, serous and mucous

three catagories of body membranes

ground substance fibers cells

three main components of connective tissue

description; resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal function; stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ location; lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

transitional epithelium

fibroblast chondroblast osteoblast hematopoietic stem cell

types of cells

collagenous reticular elastic

types of fibers

specialized contacts; desmosomes and tight junctions polarity supported by connective tissue avascular but innervated rapid regeneration

what distinguishes epithelial tissue from other tissue types

the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers, the structure or glue that hold cells together, composed of interstitual fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

Ground substance

Elastic! made of protein called elastin

Elastic fibers

• a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity glandular epithelium

Epithelial tissue

4 major tissue types

Epithelial, connective, Muscle, Nervous

gland that collects their secretory products near the apex, or tip of the cell and release them into a duct by pinching off the distended end, results in cell damage but repair is quick

Apocrine glands

description; similar to hyaline; but more elastic fibers in matrix function; maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility Location; supports the external ear 'pinna' epiglottis

Cartilage: elastic

function; supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress Location; forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Cartilage; hyaline

common origin; from mesenchyme, a common embryonic tissue degrees of vascularity, can range from avascular to well vascularized extra cellular matrix, nonliving matrix

Characteristics of connective tissue

Location; tissue found in or around nearly every organ of the body Function; supports and connects, transports, protects, and insulates

Connective tissue

membrane that covers the body surface "skin", has a superficial layer of epithelial cells and an underlying layer of connective tissue for support

Cutaneous membrane