A&P Chapter 9

The surgical procedure in which a severely damaged joint is replaced with an artificial joint is known as ______.

Arthroplasty.

Movement in which relatively flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side with respect to one another.

Gliding

The articulation between bone and teeth.

Gomphosis

Convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another bone; permits flexion and extension.

Hinge Joint

An example of a symphysis joint.

Pubic symphysis

Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits in the saddle region.

Saddle Joint

What keeps the articular surfaces of synovial joints in contact and affect range of motion?

1) Structure or shape of the articulating bones, 2) strength and tension of the joint ligament, 3) arrangement and tension of muscles, 4) lack of use and 5) contact of soft parts.

True or False: Synovial fluid becomes more viscous as movement at the joint increases.

False

Hinge joints and pivot joints allow ______ motion.

Uniaxial

What kind of movement does a pivot joint allow?

Uniaxial.

What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?

Uniaxial.

The lateral ligament.

Which ligament prevents displacement of the mandible?

Three: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral.

Which ligaments limit the degree of extension that is possible at the hip joint?

Flexion,abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in a continuous sequence.

Which movements in continuous sequence produce circumduction?

Flexion of the thumb and lateral flexion of the trunk.

What are two examples of flexion that do not occur along the sagittal plane?

This is in an example of protraction.

What movement of the shoulder girdle occurs when you bring your arms forward until the elbows touch?

Because of the looseness of its articular capsule and the shallowness of the glenoid cavity in relation to the size of the head of the humerus.

Why does the shoulder joint have more freedom of movement than any other joint in the body?

Movement of bone away from midline.

Abduction

Upward movement of a body part.

Elevation

What are the functions of synovial fluids?

Absorb shocks at joints, lubricate joints, supply oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes, and provide phagocytes to remove debris from joints.

Movement of a bone toward midline.

Adduction

Symphyses (fiberocartilaginous) and syndesmoses (ligamentous) joints are what type of joint?

Amphiarthroses- Slightly Moveable

Ball-shaped surface of one bone articulates with cuplike depression of another bone; permits the largest degree of movement in three axes.

Ball-and-socket Joint

The ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression of another bone.

Ball-and-socket Joint.

Plane joints, condyloid joints and saddle joints allow ________ motion.

Biaxial

What type of movement does a plane joint allow?

Biaxial or triaxial.

What kind of movement does a saddle joint permit?

Biaxial.

What movement does a condyloid joint allow?

Biaxial.

There is no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage.

Cartilaginous Joints

The structural classifications of joints are:

Cartilaginous, synovial and fibrous.

Movement of distal end of a part of the body in a circle.

Circumduction

Convex, oval projection of one bone fits into oval depression of another bone; permits movement in two axes.

Condyloid Joint

The convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone.

Condyloid Joint.

Downward movement of a body part.

Depression

Action that occurs when you stand on your heels.

Dorsiflexion

Chewing your food involves what type of joint movement?

Elevation and depression.

An example of a synchondrosis joint.

Epiphyseal plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Movement of the sole laterally

Eversion

Increase in angle between bones.

Extension

True or False: Menisci are fluid-filled sacs located outside of the joint cavity to ease friction between bones and softer tissue.

False

Decrease in angle between bones.

Flexion

Functionally, sutures are classified as synarthroses because they are immovable - syndesmoses are classified as amphiarthrosis because they are slightly movable.

Functionally, why are sutures classified as synarthroses, and syndesmoses as amphiarthroses?

Which joints can be classified as functionally synarthotic joints?

Gomphosis and suture.

Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone.

Hinge Joint.

The anterior surface of a bone or limb rotates toward the midline in medial rotation, and away from the midline in lateral rotation.

How do medial and lateral rotation differ?

Movement of the sole medially

Inversion

A point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth is called a (n) ________.

Joint, articulation, or arthrosis.

Movement of thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers of the same hand.

Opposition

The most common degenerative joint disease in the elderly, often caused by wear-and-tear.

Osteoarthritis

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by another bone; allows rotation around its own axis.

Pivot Joint

The rounded (or pointed) surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone, and partly by a ligament.

Pivot Joint.

Articulating bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved; permit gliding movement.

Plane Joint

Flat and slightly curved, this joint permits a back and forth or side to side movement.

Plane Joint

Action that occurs when you stand on your toes.

Plantar Flexion

Movement of the forearm to turn the palm posteriorly.

Pronation

Movement of a body part anteriorly in the transverse pane.

Protraction

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

Radius and scaphoid.

Movement of anteriorly projected body part back to the anatomical position.

Retraction

Bone resolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Rotation.

Modified condyloid joint where articulating bones resemble a rider sitting in a saddle.

Saddle Joint

Movement of the forearm to turn the palm anteriorly.

Supination

A fibrous joint that unites the bones of the skull.

Suture

A cartilaginous joint in which the articulating ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.

Symphysis

Joint between the two pubic bones.

Symphysis

Sutures and synchondroses, or fibrous and cartilaginous joints are an example of what type of joint?

Synarthroses - Immovable

A cartilaginous joint in which the connective tissue is hyaline cartilage.

Synchondrosis

The epiphyseal (growth) plate.

Synchondrosis

A fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula; an amphiarthrosis.

Syndesmosis

A bony joint.

Synostosis

A joint in which there is complete fusion of two separate bones into one single bone.

Synostosis

Joint with a cavity between the bones; diarthrosis.

Synovial

Ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and plane (or gliding) joints are what type of joint?

Synovial - freely moveable.

Indicated by the presence of a synovial cavity and are freely movable.

Synovial Joints

The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments.

Synovial Joints

The bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called Articular Cartilage.

Synovial Joints.

Synovial joints are:

The articular capsule surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulation bones. The fibrous membrane of the articular capsule permits considerable movement at a joint. The tensile strength of the fibrous membrane helps prevent bones from disarticulating.

What is an example of a hinge joint?

The elbow.

What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

The hip or shoulder.

What is an example of a pivot joint?

The radial notch of the ulna.

Plane joints and ball-and-socket joints allow ________ motion.

Triaxial

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Carpus and metacarpal (thumb and wrist).

True or False: Shrugging your shoulders involves flexion and extension.

False

There is no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by dense, irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.

Fibrous Joints

What kind of movement does a ball-and-socket joint allow?

Triaxial

Intercarpal joints and at intertarsal joints.

What are two examples of joints that permit gliding movements?

Diarthroses - freely movable joints.

What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

The structural difference occurs in the type of cartilage holding the joint together - a synchondrosis has hyaline cartilage, and a symphysis has fibrocratilage.

What is the structural difference between a synchondrosis and a symphysis?

Will cause extension at the knee joint.

What movement occurs at the knee when the quadriceps femurs (anterior thigh) muscles contract?