A&P Final Exam

Urine is considered modified ________ and can vary daily due to concentration differences and pigments from foods and body secretions. Diseases such as _______________ can also result in changes to the urine from very clear and colorless to very yellow and cloudy.

- water/plasma - diabetes

The wall of the human heart is composed of 3 tissue layers and in order from inside to outside are:

-Endocardium -myocardium -epicardium

The average temperature of the human body is 98.6 F, while the average temperature of the human blood is _____?

100.4

Transportation of nutrients and hormones, regulating body pH and temperature, and protecting the human body from disease and infection best describes which component of the cardiovascular system?

Blood

The amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, often found in stagnant bodies of water, can infect people simply by traveling up the nose and then destroying brain tissue. However _________ does not protect the brain in most cases

Blood brain barrier

__________ is a measure of the volume of blood filtered in mL/minute and is mainly driven by blood pressure. For this reason, a variety of disorders and diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, can affect the amount of blood that can be effectively filtered

Blood volume

Underproduction of the thyroid hormone in a newborn, known as ______, can be due to a deficiency in Iodine and can result in growth retardation, development delays, and other abnormal features

Congenital/ neonatal

Providing posture and body support, locomotion and heat production for the body best describes which of the following categories of tissues?

Connective tissue

When 2 atoms share electrons, like in the case of atmospheric gas oxygen, the type of strong bond that is formed is called

Covalent Bonds

Carries impulses toward the cell body and are specialized for contact with other neurons is called

Densrites

The functioning of the cardiac muscle cells relies on action potentials for contraction and relaxation. Action potentials begin to occur about the 20th day in utero and are spontaneous. They originate in a cluster of cells referred to as the pacemaker cells located in which of the chamber walls?

Depolarization

Of the 3 categories of joints, the type offering the most range of movement found associated with joints located at the shoulder and knee is the?

Diarthroses

__________________ refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules that can then be absorbed and used for the production of ATP

Digestion

A ______ is a type of chemical messenger produced by the body, synthesized in one cell or many and is transported through the blood to a target cell

Hormone

Type ______ alveoli are the site for the production of surfactant, a substance that prevents the collapse of the alveolar wall. Type ______ alveoli are where gas exchange occurs across the very thin walls of simple squamous cells

- 2 - 1

Shaking your head "no" is directly attributed to the _______ cervical vertebrae and is commonly known as the ______

- 2nd axis - axis

The driving force for blood flow through the body In the ________ side is the contraction of the heart, thus resulting in a measurable pressure. While the driving force for blood flow through the __________ side back to the heart is ________ muscle contraction, due to the loss of blood pressure in the capillary beds

- Arterial - Veinous - Skeletal

In describing the difference between the blood vessels of the body, ____________ are described as thick-walled, elastic and normally carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body. while ___________ are normally thin-walled with valves and generally transport deoxygenated blood from the body back toward the heart

- Arteries - Veins

List the process of forming urine?

- Glomerulus filter water and other substances from the blood stream - Filtration membrane keeps blood cells and large proteins in the bloodstream - Reabsorption moves nutrients and water back into bloodstream - Waste ions and hydrogen ions secreted from the blood complete the formation of urine

___________ thyroidism can cause weight loss, fast heart rate, and irritability, while _________ thyroidism can cause weight gain, slow heart rate and depression

- Hyperthyroidism - Hypothyroidism

List the types of endocrine glands?

- Hypothalamus - Pineal gland - pituitary gland - thyroid - parathyroid - thymus - adrenal -pancreas - ovaries - testes

Mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs occurs as a result of pressure changes. If pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, air moves _______. However, if pressure in the lungs exceeds that of the atmosphere then air moves ________.

- In - Out

While a low white blood cell count called _______ can be indicative of an immune disease or disorder, a high white blood cell count called _______ can be the result of the body fighting and infection or pathogen

- Leukopenia - Leukocytosis

On approximately day 13 a surge of ___________ from the ovary triggers the release of ___________ from the pituitary gland and results in the release of the egg, referred to as __________.

- Luteinizing hormone - ovaluation

An upper respiratory infection would affect which of the following respiratory structures?

- Mouth - Nose - Sinus - Throat - Larynx - Trachea

Once -30mV is reached sodium channels will ________ and potassium channels will ______ causing the neuron to become less positive and more negative, called the _______ phase

- Na+ - upswing/rising phase

________ receptor are known to adapt quickly to stimuli such as, pressure and touch, while receptors are not as quick to adapt as long as the stimulus, such as pain, persists

- Photoreceptors - Mechanoreceptors

Blood is a mixture of a liquid portion and a cellular component. The liquid portion is referred to as _____ and constitutes ______% of the volume, while the cellular component is made up of the _______ and is the _______% of blood volume =, respectively.

- Plasma/50% - Formed elements/45%

Examples of lymphatic tissues in the body that function in assisting In immunity functioning are which of the following?

- Spleen - Tonsils - Thymus - Lymph nodes - Adenoids

A negative feedback loop consists of which of the following components?

- Stimulus - Sensor - Control Center - Effector

List the joints in the human body

- Synarthroses (immovable) - Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) - Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ________ and lasts about ______ sec, while relaxation of the ventricles is called ______ and lasts about ______ sec.

- Systole/ .3 - Diastole/ .5

__________________ or sensory receptors are associated with detecting stimuli throughout the body and then carrying that information to the CNS. While ____________ or motor neurons are responsible for carrying commands or impulse from the CNS to the various structures to be affected

- afferent - efferent

Which vitamins are necessary for proper bone health?

- calcium - vitamin D

The family of receptors associated with sense of smell and taste found in the nose and on the tongue would be associated with which of the following categories of receptors?

- chemoreceptors - olfactory

Mature resident cells have the suffix ____ associated with their name, while the immature forms have ____ as their suffix, respectively

- cyte - blast

Which of the strata are only associated with thick skin? LUCIDUM

- epidermis - stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum

The physiology of respiration involves 3 major steps, including __________, _____________, and ___________, and is driven by concentrating gradients and diffusion of the gases

- inhalation - exchange of gases - exhalation

What are some of the effects from smoking on the respiratory system?

- irritation of trachea and windpipe - reduced lung function and shortness of breath due to swelling and narrowing of airways - excess mucus -build up of poisonous substances - increased risk of lung infection (coughing and wheezing) - permanent damage to air sacs

With regards to osteoporosis, those most at risk are:

- over 50 - 4 times as likely in women than men

________________ cells secrete HCI acid which dissociates into H+ and Cl-. This creates the very low pH environment in the stomach resulting in an _______ pH, and this aids in the denaturing of proteins and the destruction of bacteria

- parietal - unbalanced

List the functions of the skeletal system

- supports the body - facilitates movement - protects internal organs - produces blood cells - stores and releases minerals and fat

_______ - soluble hormones, such as HGH, travel freely in the bloodstream and bind to cell-surface receptors, while ______ - soluble hormones, such as testosterone, have to be transported in the bloodstream but can diffuse directly across the cell membrane

- water - lipid

The function of the kidneys as part of the urinary system, is to primarily regulate the __________ and __________ of blood through the actions of filtration, secretion and absorption

- water - pH

The bulk of nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive tract?

Small intestine

Involuntary, striated, single nucleated, and described as rhythmic and coordinated in its contraction phase best describes which of the following muscle tissues?

Smooth Muscle

Made up of thick cells with spiny protrusions and beginning to fill with the protein keratin best describes the cells of the stratum _______.

Spinosum

With regards to hormone activity, a general requirement of all hormones is that a ________ must be provided that will "turn on" the gland to stimulate hormone production and release

Stimulus

The _____ or free surface of epithelial tissues are often associated with secretions, cilia, or microvilli

Stratified epithelium

The _______ system prepares the body for intense activity, otherwise known as "fight-or-flight", and will often result in increased heart rate, decreased digestion, dilation of the of the pupils and sweating

Sympathetic

Common examples of neurotransmitters required for normal nervous system functioning and are used for cell to cell communication at the synaptic junction are:

Synapse

The knee joint could be best described as a type of ___________ joint

Synovial

The initial voluntary act of the tongue pushing the bolus toward and into the pharynx results in the action known as __________ or swallowing

Ingestion

Which type of contraction is generally involved in physical therapy?

Isokinetic/concentric

Common cause of TBI (traumatic brain injury), as opposed to ABI (acquired brain injury) may be:

TBI: falls, assaults, motor vehicle accidents and sports injuries ABI: stroke, near drowning, aneurysm, tumor, infectious disease that affects the brain (meningitis), lack of oxygen supply to the brain (heart attack)

The response of the skeletal muscle fibers in a motor unit to a single action potential from a motor neuron is referred to as a?

Motor control

Digestion of food begins initially in which part of the digestive tract?

Mouth

Chronic autoimmune disorder of unknown origin resulting from demyelination of the myelin sheath of an axon. Symptoms include vision problems, numbness and pain is known as

Multiple sclerosis

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity are all characteristics of which of the following tissues?

Muscle tissue

Which of the neurotransmitters is responsible for stimulating the release of calcium on the motor end plate of the muscle fiber?

Myofibril Structure

_______, numbering about a million per kidney, are the primary structures involved in urine formation

Nephrons

Detecting change internally and external to the body, processing sensory information, and storing information best describes which of the following categories of tissue?

Nervous

The endocrine system works in conjunction with the _____ system to regulate, coordinate, and integrate activity among the body's cells

Osteoclast

The resident cell responsible for bone dissolving and the release of calcium needed by the body is referred to as the

Osteoclasts

The basic unit that makes compact bone material is referred to as a(n) _______ and is described as circular structures containing mature bone building cells, little canals and lacunae

Osteon

If bone buildup > bone breakdown, the result can be abnormally heavy bones referred to as ________. This condition is commonly called ______

Osteopetrosis

Which of the two layers of the dermis pictured above, are primarily responsible for the fingerprint formations of the human body?

Papillary Layer

The _______________ system associated with the autonomic nervous division, is the system associated with when we are in the "rest-and-digest" state and are conserving energy

Parasympathetic

The gland located in your neck region that is responsible for releasing a hormone causing bone dissolving to occur when blood calcium levels are low is the?

Parathyroid Hormone

Which lobe of the brain is associated with somatosensory mapping and is used in helping to identify and understand spatial relationships

Parietal lobe

In the chemical classification of hormones, most will be amino acid based and few will be ______ and amines

Peptides/protein

Atomic Number

The number 6 indicated above, refers to the number of ______ in the element carbon?

Considered the largest organ of the body, the first line of defense, consisting of all 4 tissue groups and is avascular best describes the integument.

True

What is the term applied to the functional zone between the zig zag lines in the picture shown above?

Twitch

The family of receptors associated with responding to light found In the eye would be associated with which of the following categories of receptors?

Photoreceptors

After fertilization in the fallopian tube and implantation of the embryo into the uterus, maintaining the uterine lining relies on the release of the hormone _______________- to prevent the shedding of the endometrium

Pituitary gland

The basic unit of the skeletal; muscle is the ______, which is the result of the fusion of 100's of myoblasts during the embryonic stage and can be replicated throughout life

Sarcomere

What is the letter associated with the zig zag lines the arrows are pointing to in the picture shown above?

Sarcomere

Found in all thin skin associated with the face, neck and chest and not found in thick skin, secretions are a waxy oil consistency that are released at the junction of the hair follicle, best describes the _________ gland

Sebaceous

Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes inside the body or in the environment surrounding us is associated with?

Sensation

Site for synaptic gap and transmission of a chemical neurotransmitter is called

Sensation

The mucus secreting single-celled gland associated with epithelial tissue is referred to as a ________ cell

Simple epithelium

From the crash course in Biology video on transcription/translation, what is the function of this process involving both DNA and RNA?

-Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA - Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA

__________ bone marrow is commonly found in long and flat bones, as we; as irregular bones, and are common sites for blood biopsies

A) Blood - red

List the, main elements found in the groups of organic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A) Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen and carbon atoms is 2:1 B) Lipids: organic molecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The ratio 0of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher in lipids than in carbohydrates. Lipids include steroids (the material of which many hormones are composed), waxes and fats C) Proteins: most complex of all organic compounds, are composed of amino acids, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms. Certain amino acids also have sulfur atoms, phosphorus, or other trace elements such as iron or copper D) Nucleic Acid: Like proteins, nucleic acids are very large molecules. The nucleic acids are very large molecules. The nucleic composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule that, because of its properties, is a nitrogen base

Found only in the cartilage tissue of the ear canal, is a modified apocrine gland which produces a waxy lubricant for the ear drum and participates in trapping particles that enter the ear, best describes the ___________ gland.

A) Ceruminous - eccrine

Generally, THICK skin is associated with found only on the soles of the feet, palms of hands and fingertips, while THIN skin is found in all other part of the human body

A) Epithelial tissue: Also referred to as epithelium, refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands B) Connective Tissue: as its name implies, binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body C) Muscle tissue: is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement, and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart D) Nervous tissue: is all excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Arises at the hillock and carries information toward the synapse where vesicles will be filled with neurotransmitters is called

Axon

Using the illustration of the red blood cells above, define the terms shown above each picture, what is happening to the movement of water (osmosis) and the resulting condition for the RBC in each of the scenarios

A) Hypertonic: having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid B) Isotonic: an isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane C) Hypotonic: Having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid

Consisting of osteoblasts/osteocytes, containing mineralized calcium salts and phosphorus, well innervated by nerves and very vascular, and the strongest of all the connective tissue types best describes which?

A) Matrix collagen/bone

Blood contains a variety of mature red and white blood cells, as well as dissolved protein fibers, all embedded in a liquid matrix referred to as ___________?

A) fluid connective tissue - plasma

______________ are an over the counter (OTC) remedy that can be used to help in the neutralization of the acidic environment. __________________ block stomach enzymes responsible for the production of stomach acids

Antacids

Which of the following organic compound groups does the 6-C sugar glucose belong to?

Carbohydrates

_______________ are a type of connective tissue that have chondroblasts/chondrocytes, no nervous innervation, are avascular, and have a ground substance that thick and gel-like. This tissue type is also very strong and flexible

Cartilage

Maintaining internal homeostasis on a day to day basis and fine tuning the body's activities is the function of the _____ Nervous System

Central Nervous System

The somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric are all divisions found associated with the _________ Nervous System

Central Nervous System

The __________ is the "little brain" that is responsible for the fine tuning motor skills and contains 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis

Cerebellum

This outermost portion of the brain makes up approximately 80% of the brain's mass and is responsible for voluntary motor control higher brain function, speech, and personality is the

Cerebrum

Impacts associated with existing in a chronic state of fight or flight can result in:

Chronic stress causes the muscles in the body to be in a more or less constant state of guardedness

Regarded as the _________ value, it can range between 50mV to -100mV in certain cells

Close, open

A common skin condition in infants and the young with intense itching and sometimes bleeding due to the scratching, associated with bending parts of the body (knees and elbows), and treatable but not curable best describes?

Eczema

An _______________ is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart during one cardiac cycle. Abnormalities can indicate problems with transmission of an action potential between the atria and the ventricles. Example of abnormalities that would be observable would be:

Electrocardiogram

The Limbic System is the primitive portion of the brain associated with feelings such as, fear, anger, sex drive and pleasure and is sometimes referred to as the

Emotional brain

List the differences between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland

Endocrine: secretes its products, for example hormones, directly into the blood Exocrine: secretes its products for example enzymes, into ducts that lead to the target tissue

What is considered the "brain of the gut" and is part of the neural regulation of the process digestion?

Enteric nervous system

In an elements original state, the number of protons _______ the number of electrons so that there are no net charge

Equal

Small biconcave disc, absent a nucleus, ability to reproduce and lasting approximately 120 days in circulation best describes which of the following categories of blood cells?

Erythrocyte

Angular movement of the upper arm results in a reduction at the angle of the elbow and is referred to as?

Flexion

A source for providing energy (ATP) to the muscle fiber during the initial contraction phase and for extended periods of time can be

Glucose

Before iodized table salt was introduced in 1920, iodine deficiency was the main cause of ________ in the U.S., and in many parts of the world today where iodine is not added to table salt they are still seen today

Goiter

Coined the term fight or flight response, and he expanded on Claude Bernard's concept of homeostasis

Governed by the nervous system, a fundamental concept in physiology, and coined by Harvard physiologist, Walter B. Cannon is known as

____________ is the large protein composed of 4 amino acid chains, each containing an iron to allow for attachment of the oxygen and molecule and low levels are often associated with the condition called anemia

Hemoglobin

The type of joint found at the elbow, as well as the knee is described as a ________ joint

Hinge joint

90% of the epidermis is made up of the protein producing cell referred to as?

Keratinocytes

Which part of the digestive tract house trillions of living bacteria called E coli and is the site for the final production of vitamins B and K and water absorption

Large intestine

One of the key distinguishing features of the ________ derived hormones is that they can directly diffuse across from the bi lipid membrane of most cells of the body

Lipid

Containing a variety of tissue types and consistencies, found in resident forms (mature and immature), as well as mobile, and assisting in immunity function best describes the function of which of the connective tissue groups?

Liquid connective tissue

The two types of bone growth that occur throughout adolescence are both ________ and _______ which result in lengthening and increases in width, respectively

Longitudinal and appositional

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is progressive neurodegenerative disease resulting eventually in death and is most commonly known as

Lou Gehrig's Disease; ALS

With regards to diffusion, substances always move from where they are in _______ concentration to an area of where they are in _______ concentration in attempt to spread out and reach a state of equilibrium

Low to high

Which of the 2 functional divisions of the respiratory system is associated with the site for the exchange of the gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide located at the level of the alveoli)

Lower Respiratory System

___________ vessels are similar to veins physically; in that they are thin-walled and have valves allowing for one way flow of lymph throughout the lymphatic system

Lymphatic

Control of bine remodeling is influence by ______, ________, such as weight-bearing exercises, and _______ associated with living on earth

Mechanical forces and gravitational forces

The innermost region of the kidneys is referred to as the _________ and is formed by numerous small cup like structures called pyramids that drain urine from the nephrons

Medulla

A common skin condition found between ages 15-35, may result from stress, expressed as raised silvery flaky patches of skin on the face, scalp and skin folds, and is not contagious best describes?

Psoriasis

The delay in electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles allows for adequate __________ of the ventricular muscle fibers and time for the chamber to fill with blood

Relaxation

Site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, filtering and moistening air, assisting in the sense of smell and voice production are all functions of the __________ system

Respiratory

_____________ is the condition affecting infants whereby, the deficient production of surfactant results in the collapse of the alveoli and the inability to move the gases across the membrane

Respiratory distress syndrome

________________ is the 3rd most abundant protein in skeletal muscle tissue, containing 33,000 amino acids, is coded for on chromosome 2, and considered the largest protein of the body

Titin

_________________ are infections in any part of the urinary system, but most involve the lower urinary tract

Urinary tract infections

Four one way valves regulate the flow of blood through and out of the heart and help to ensure that blood flow is always in on direction. Generally, the valve open and close due mainly to activity associated with the ventricles. In thinking about this fact, which of the chambers relaxing and filling are associated with the opening of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

Ventricles

Usually associated with a traumatic impact resulting in a sudden head movement forward and backward. Can result in pain and headaches that may take several weeks to heal in the best case scenarios and is commonly referred to as

Whiplash

The major advantage associated with the human 4 chambered heart is:

left half is completely separated from the right half by septa. Thus, it prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Second, it allows the efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body