A&P final exam

Please use the drop-down menus to complete the following statements. Cell number [ Select ] ["2", "3", "7", "1", "4", "6", "5"] contains globin molecules that are broken down into amino acids after about 120 days. Cell number [ Select ] ["4", "2", "3", "7", "5", "1", "6"] phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances and is especially elevated when you have a bacterial infection.

1,2

When the corpus luteum is mature, The secondary follicle is just beginning to mature. None of these answers are correct. The functional layer of the uterine lining is being shed. Ovulation is about to occur. Blood levels of progesterone are very high.

Blood levels of progesterone are very high.

An XY individual has no functional ovaries, partially formed testes, and appears to be female. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

Complete gonadal dysgenesis, in which the testes do not differentiate completely and do not produce androgens or Mullerian inhibiting substance.

Are the hormones released by female birth control pills more similar to hormones released by the follicle during early development, hormones produced by the corpus luteum, or hormones produced by the corpus albicans? Please explain your answer

Corpus luteum=secretion of progesterone and estrogen

Match each the following cell types with one of its main secretions. The number listed below as the cell type refers to the number beneath the picture:

Correct!Cell type #2 Defensins Correct!Cell type #4 Heparin Correct!Cell type #6 Antibodies Correct!Cell type #7 ADP and serotonin

"Funny" sodium channels are most important for:

Creating a pacemaker potential.

Please match the cardiac disorder with a possible cause of that disorder. Each answer should be used only once.

Heart murmurAortic stenosis (narrowing of valves) Myocardial infarction Blockage of the anterior interventricular artery Hypovolemic shock Loss of blood Junctional heart rhythm Damage to the SA node

One of my former A&P students was born with transposition of the major vessels, which is found in 0.05 percent of newborns. This means that the right ventricle is connected to the aorta and the left ventricle is connected to the pulmonary trunk. Why would this be problematic?

lack of oxygen and bad blood mixing

Use the drop-down menus to fill in the three blanks in this statement. If you were to measure cortisol, CRH, and ACTH levels in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, what would you find through clinical testing? Cortisol would be [ Select ] ["high", "normal", "low"] , CRH would be [ Select ] ["high", "normal", "low"] , and ACTH would be high .

low, high, high

Which leukocyte is correctly matched with one of its characteristics? monocytes - have granules containing cytotoxic chemicals and are phagocytic eosinophils - are most elevated during bacterial infections lymphocytes - responsible for immunological surveillance neutrophils - least abundant white blood cell basophils - have granules containing ADP and thromboxanes

lymphocytes - responsible for immunological surveillance

Which of the following is NOT another name that is used for some macrophages? mast cells

mast cells

Which of the following heart chambers is correctly associated with the blood vessel that enters or leaves it? left ventricle - superior vena cava and inferior vena cava right atrium - pulmonary artery none of these answers are correct left atrium - aorta right ventricle - pulmonary veins

none of these answers are correct

Which structure is highlighted on this figure?

prostate gland

Sperm travel from the______ to the epididymis and then directly to the ___________

rete testis, tunica albuginea

autocrine signaling

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

hormonal signaling

specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? Begin with the blood vessel that brings blood to the heart from the systemic circulation.

venae cavae right atrium right ventricle pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta

Match each patient with the appropriate diagnosis.

viral infection, allergic reaction, bacterial infection, parasitic worm infection

In which of the following situations would the end systolic volume (ESV) be the greatest?

when stroke volume is decreased

Please use the drop-down menus to complete the following statements. On this diagram, the great cardiac vein is labeled with number [ Select ] ["7", "3", "4", "17", "16"] . The pulmonary arteries are labeled with number 12 . Number 18 is used to label the [ Select ] ["interventricular septum", "left atrium", "right atrium", "left ventricle", "right ventricle"] and number 15 is used to label the [ Select ] ["left atrium", "aorta", "left ventricle", "pulmonary veins"] .

16,12, left ventricle, left atrium

Which structure on the diagram is the site of fertilization of the ovum?

2

If Wanda is breathing 12 times per minute, her tidal volume is 350 ml, and the volume in her anatomic dead space is 150 ml, what is her alveolar ventilation rate? Please let me know if you cannot see the calculator embedded with this question. ([tidal volume − dead space] × respiratory rate)

2400 ml/min

Use the drop-down menus to complete this statement. On this diagram, testosterone is primarily produced in structure # [ Select ] ["13", "7", "11", "10", "6"] , and the corpus cavernosum is # [ Select ] ["9", "1", "6", "11", "2"] .

7, 1

Please use the drop-down menus to complete the following statements. Cell number [ Select ] ["3", "6", "5", "4", "7", "2", "1"] forms platelet plugs and releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting. Cell number [ Select ] ["5", "7", "2", "3", "4", "6", "1"] releases chemicals that reduce inflammation and attacks certain worm parasites. Cell number 2 phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances and is especially elevated when you have a bacterial infection.

7,3,2

A newborn girl is diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. If normal testosterone levels for a newborn girl is 20-64 ng/dL, which of the following testosterone values is most likely to be observed in this patient? 35 ng/dL 950 ng/dL 0 ng/dL

950 ng/dL

Which chambers on this diagram would be depolarizing during the P wave on an ECG?

A & C

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding hemostasis?

A deficiency of Vitamin K reduces synthesis of prothrombin by the liver and serves to increase the time it takes to form a clot.

Which of the following statements is correct? The ovulated oocyte is diploid. LH and FSH are produced by the maturing follicle. Oogonia continue to divide after birth. A secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation. Meiosis I is completed before birth.

A secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation.

On this diagram, please match each letter with the correct description:

A-Asthma B-Fibrotic lung disease C-Pulmonary edema D-Emphysema E- normal lung

Between the atria and the AV bundle lies a group of modified cardiac muscle cells. These cells delay action potentials and are known as the

AV node.

Which of the following patients is most likely to be experiencing hyperthyroidism? Alisa tells her physician that she has been restless and irritable lately. She has a hard time sleeping and complains of diarrhea and weight loss. During the examination, her physician notices a higher-than-normal heart rate and a fine tremor in her outstretched fingers. Pedro drinks numerous glasses of water each day and urinates a great deal. His blood sugar is normal. Inez is 50 years old. She has gained weight over the last year, but has felt too tired and weak to exercise. She takes no medicine, but has tried taking vitamins with no response. During a physical examination, her physician notes that she has a rounded "moon-shaped" face, obesity of the trunk, slender limbs, muscular weakness and elevated blood pressure. Pedro Alisa Inez

Alisa

If blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles, which of the following must be true? All of the other answers are correct. The AV valves are open. The atria do not need to be contracting. Pressure is higher in the atria than in the ventricles.

All of the other answers are correct.

Which of the following is correct regarding lymphatic vessels? They are found in the central nervous system. They have valves to regulate the direction of fluid flow. All of the other answers are correct. They form pockets, not continuous tubes. They carry fats from the digestive tract.

All of the other answers are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding erection is true? Vascular channels in the erectile tissue become engorged with blood. Dilation of penile arteries occurs. It involves parasympathetic stimulation. It involves nitric oxide production by neurons. All of the other answers are correct.

All of the other answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of all of the following hormones: thyroid hormone, aldosterone, cortisol, and estrogen? All of these are released in response to humoral signals All of these are steroid hormones All of these bind to receptors in the interior of the cell All of these are amino acid derivatives All of these are released by the anterior pituitary gland

All of these bind to receptors in the interior of the cell

Sally has developed a large tumor in her thyroid gland. The entire thyroid gland and surrounding tissue is removed. Which of the following hormones would be directly or indirectly affected? Calcitonin All of these hormones would be affected TRH T4 PTH

All of these hormones would be affected

After a fall at home gave an elderly woman a bleeding head injury and a broken hip, the woman was rushed to the emergency room with an immediate need for a blood transfusion. Because of her computerized medical records, you know that her blood type is A+. Which of the following types of blood would NOT be compatible with her blood type? A- O+ O- A+ All of these would be compatible with her blood type

All of these would be compatible with her blood type

The chemical depicted above would be classified as: A peptide hormone An amino acid derivative A steroid An eicosanoid

An eicosanoid

Which of the following would be an organizational effect of hormones? An increase in estrogen in a female after smelling a dirty t-shirt of an attractive male An increase in estrogen early in fetal development that causes enlargement of certain structures in the hypothalamus that are associated with reproduction All of the other answers are correct An increase in estrogen during the beginning of the menstrual cycle

An increase in estrogen early in fetal development that causes enlargement of certain structures in the hypothalamus that are associated with reproduction

Use the drop-down menus to arrange the following events that occur in response to steroid hormones finding a target cell in the appropriate sequence: Event 1: [ Select ] ["Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic receptors", "Diffusion through membrane lipids", "Transcription and mRNA production", "Alteration of cell structure or activity", "Translation and protein synthesis"] Event 2: Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic receptors Event 3: [ Select ] ["Transcription and mRNA production", "Translation and protein synthesis", "Alteration of cell structure or activity", "Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic receptors", "Diffusion through membrane lipids"] Event 4: [ Select ] ["Alteration of cell structure or activity", "Translation and protein synthesis", "Diffusion through membrane lipids", "Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic receptors", "Transcription and mRNA production"] Event 5: [ Select ] ["Alteration of cell structure or activity", "Transcription and mRNA production", "Translation and protein synthesis", "Diffusion through membrane lipids", "Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic receptors"]

Answer 1: Diffusion through membrane lipids Answer 2:Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic receptors Answer 3:Transcription and mRNA production Answer 4:Translation and protein synthesis Answer 5:Alteration of cell structure or activity

The following case study was presented at the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2013 Scientific & Clinical Congress. A 37-year old male visited the ER because he was having trouble breathing, he was experiencing fatigue, and he had low libido (sex drive). He also had abnormal lung sounds known as bibasilar rales, gynecomastia (enlarged breasts), and atrophied testes. Blood tests showed that he had low levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, thyroid hormone and ACTH. When he received cosyntropin (a synthetic version of ACTH), his levels of cortisol increased dramatically. After additional tests, doctors concluded that his daily use of marijuana over the past 15 years had led to damage of one specific endocrine gland. Which endocrine gland was damaged in this patient?

Anterior pituitary gland

Which of the following is NOT matched correctly with its type of chemical signaling? Autocrine signal: fibroblast growth factor released from the retina triggering development of nearby cells in the lens Direct communication: gap junctions allowing ions to pass between cardiac muscle cells, allowing cells to trigger as a unit Hormonal signal: EPO released by the kidney into the bloodstream in response to low blood oxygenation Pheromonal signal: odors from the t-shirts of males being detected by potential female partners None of these options; all of these answers are matched correctly

Autocrine signal: fibroblast growth factor released from the retina triggering development of nearby cells in the lens

Tim is taking scuba diving classes and is warned not to hold his breath when ascending from depth but to continuously release air from his mouth. When breathing underwater with scuba equipment, the gas is supplied by the tank at higher than atmospheric pressure to overcome the extra pressure imposed by the overlying water. Which law can be used to explain why the volume of gas in the lungs will expand during ascent when the pressure falls? If this gas is not permitted to escape through the mouth, it will damage the lung, sending air into the bloodstream. A massive air embolism in the pulmonary arteries could be suddenly fatal.

Boyle's Law

Which structure is highlighted on this diagram?

Clitoris

Please match the following substances to their functions. Not all answers will be used.

Complement-Attacks and breaks down cell walls and attracts phagocytes Interferons- Interferes with viral replication inside a cell. Lysozymes- Acts as an antibacterial substance in tears. Class II MHC proteins- binds to antigens and presents them on the surface of a B-cell

In the case study discussed in the pre-recorded lecture, Muehlegg claimed that diarrhea led to his elevated hematocrit. Is this possible? Why?

Diarrhea leads to dehydration and high hematocrit means you have more RBC in your body than normal . so yes this is possible.

Which of the following are matched correctly with its type of chemical signaling?

Direct communication: gap junctions allowing ions to pass between cardiac muscle cells, allowing cells to trigger as a unit Hormonal signal: EPO released by the kidney into the bloodstream in response to low blood oxygenation Pheromonal signal: odors from the t-shirts of males being detected by potential female partners

Jaime is experiencing bradycardia, or slowing of his heart rate. Use your knowledge of the electrical conduction system of the heart to predict which of the following medications would be most useful to him.

Epinephrine

direct communication

Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions Occurs between two cells of same type Highly specialized and relatively rare

The pregnant woman in the previous question was able to be resuscitated, but she suffered irreversible brain damage due to the lack of oxygen. After being in a coma and on life support for 21 days, she gave birth to a normal, healthy baby. Explain how hemoglobin played a role in the excellent outcome for the fetus. (4 points)

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Therefore, if oxygen was limited in the mother's blood, this oxygen would preferentially go to the fetus instead of the mother.

match the gland correctly with its secretions

Gland 2: thymosins Gland 4: calcitriol Gland 3: norepinephrine Gland 1: calcitonin

Which of the following glands is NOT matched correctly with one of its secretions?

Gland 5: insulin

Berthold completed a famous experiment examining the effects of castration on roosters. This experiment would affect [ Select ] ["GnRH", "FSH", "TRH", "CRH", "LH"] ] from the hypothalamus, [ Select ] ["GnRH", "ACTH", "testosterone", "ADH", "LH"] from the [ Select ] ["posterior pituitary gland", "adrenal gland", "thyroid gland", "anterior pituitary gland"] , and [ Select ] ["GnRH", "testosterone", "FSH", "LH"] from the testes.

GnRH, LH, anterior pituitary gland, testosterone

Other attempts at creating male birth control pills have involved increasing male testosterone levels with topical gels that are administered to the skin. Why would administering high levels of testosterone in males reduce sperm production? Hint: think about negative feedback pathways

High testosterone will lower GnRH, which will lower FSH. FSH is the hormone that stimulates sperm production.

Your patient is not able to release ADH due to tissue damage. Which of the following is the LEAST likely location for damage that prevents the release of ADH? Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system Neurohypophyseal tract Posterior pituitary gland Hypothalamus

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

A patient is experiencing secondary hypersecretion of cortisol. If the gland causing this issue is made of neural tissue, which gland is affected?

Hypothalamus

Please use anatomical terminology to explain why peritonitis (an inflammation of the peritoneum) tends to occur more commonly in females than males in response to urinary tract infections

In males, bacteria travel through the urethra to the bladder or into the ejaculatory duct into the vas deferens. There is no connection to the pelvic cavity. However, in females, the pathogen can enter the vagina and travel into the pelvic cavity through the uterus and Fallopian tubes, leading to inflammation of the peritoneal cavity.

Which of the following is an indirect effect of growth hormone? Stimulation of cell division in epithelial tissue All of the other answers are correct Increased uptake of amino acids into proteins Stimulation of triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue Stimulation of glycogen breakdown in the liver

Increased uptake of amino acids into proteins

Which of the following hormones is/are released in biological females?

Inhibin, FSH, Oxytocin, Testosterone

Which of the following is true for the thymus?

It is a primary lymphoid tissue.

Which of the following is correct regarding the pancreas? Most of the pancreas consists of endocrine tissue It contains beta cells that produce pancreatic polypeptide Delta cells in the pancreas produce insulin It releases glucagon from alpha cells It contains chief cells that release parathyroid hormone

It releases glucagon from alpha cells

One of the chemicals in the previous question, DMAU, suppresses GnRH. Why would this be useful if you are trying to create a male form of birth control? In your answer, please explain the hormonal control of sperm production. In your answer, please explain the role of GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, and androgen-binding protein in sperm production

LH is important for the release of testosterone from interstitial cells. FSH directs nurse cells to produce ABP and to stimulate sperm production. Androgen-binding protein is secreted by nurse cells. ABP increases the amount of testosterone locally in the testes, and this testosterone is needed for sperm production.

For this patient, which combination of hormone levels is most likely? Low TRH, high TSH, low thyroid hormone Low TRH, low TSH, low thyroid hormone Low CRH, high ACTH, high cortisol Low CRH, low ACTH, low cortisol High CRH, low ACTH, high cortisol

Low CRH, high ACTH, high cortisol

How is the generation of four sperm possible from one spermatogonium?

Meiosis I yields two haploid secondary spermatocytes, which go through meiosis II and become four haploid spermatids.

Which of the following statements about formed elements is correct? Platelets are derived from mast cells Monocytes are phagocytic Basophils contain carbonic anhydrase Lymphocytes can be divided into multiple subtypes that all release antibodies Lymphocytes are part of the myeloid stem cell line

Monocytes are phagocytic

Which of the following cells is a lymphocyte that releases perforin? B cell

Natural killer cell

Why does oogenesis yield only one functional ovum?

Oogenesis produces 2 or 3 polar bodies, which later disintegrate.

Which of the following is matched correctly with its type of chemical signaling? All of these answers are correct Paracrine signal: fibroblast growth factor released from the retina triggering the development of nearby cells in the lens Hormonal signal: gap junctions allowing ions to pass between cardiac muscle cells, allowing cells to trigger as a unit Autocrine signal: odors from the t-shirts of males being detected by potential female partners Pheromonal signal: interleukin-1 being released by monocytes and binding to receptors on the same cell that produced it

Paracrine signal: fibroblast growth factor released from the retina triggering development of nearby cells in the lens

This figure shows blood smears from four patients with blood disorders. Please match each patient with the correct blood disorder.

Patient A-Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Patient B Sickle cell anemia Patient C Hairy cell leukemia Patient D Iron-deficiency anemia

Which of the following is most abundant in the blood?

Plasma proteins

When the corpus albicans develops, which of the following changes in hormone levels should occur?

Progesterone levels should drop

When the QRS complex is occurring, you would expect that:

Sodium is entering the myocardial cells of the ventricles.

Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence.

Step 1-activation of factor X Correct!Step 2 formation of prothrombinase Correct!Step 3 prothrombin --> thrombin Correct!Step 4 fibrinogen --> fibrin

List the following events in humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity in order:

Step 1-endocytosis of an antigen Step 2-antigen display Step 3-secretion of cytokine Step 4-clonal selection Step 5-antibody secretion

During the first five days of the menstrual cycle, which of the following is decreasing? Blood levels of GnRH The size of the follicle All of these answers are correct The thickness of the uterine lining Blood levels of estrogen

The thickness of the uterine lining

A 25-year old pregnant woman experienced chest pain before going into ventricular fibrillation. Based on your understanding of heart anatomy, explain the cause of her myocardial infarction and then explain why this would lead to ventricular fibrillation. (6 points)

Ventricular fibrillation is related to the electrical activity of the heart, not the contraction. Damage to heart muscle led to ventricular fibrillation due to disruption of the electrical activity in the electrical conduction system in the ventricles of the heart.

Please use the drop-down menus to complete the following statement. MALT is a(n) [ Select ] ["abundant", "rare"] [ Select ] ["secondary", "primary"] lymphoid tissue that [ Select ] ["protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.", "acts as the main location for T cell maturation.", "purifies lymph through filtration before it reaches the veins.", "produces all blood cells.", "filters out damaged red blood cells from the circulatory system."] .

abundant, secondary, protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Use the drop-down menus to complete this statement. When a peptide hormone binds to its receptor, it will [ Select ] ["activate a G-protein", "enter the cell and bind to the nucleus"] . Then, cAMP will [ Select ] ["catalyze a cascade reaction that ultimately activates genes on the DNA.", "bind to and activate protein kinases.", "activate genes in the nucleus to produce mRNA.", "control levels of calcium in the cell by directly opening ion channels."] .

activate a G-protein, bind to and activate protein kinases.

Please use the drop-down menus to fill in the blanks. Of the choices listed in the drop-down menu, [ Select ] ["fibrinogens", "globulins", "basophils", "dissolved oxygen molecules", "albumins"] are most abundant. The function of this substance is [ Select ] ["assisting with immune responses", "producing allergic responses", "blood clotting", "transporting fatty acids, free bilirubin, thyroid hormones, and some steroids", "assisting with the generation of ATP in the tissues"] .

albumins, transporting fatty acids, free bilirubin, thyroid hormones, and some steroids

Lymphatic vessels... carry fats from the digestive tract have valves to regulate the direction of fluid flow all of the other answers are correct are found in the central nervous system form pockets, not continuous tubes

all of the other answers are correct

Imagine that a virus is trying to cause a severe illness in your body right now while you are taking this exam. Which of the following would be most effective in fighting this viral infection?

antibodies against the virus

Choose ALL answers that are correct. Interstitial cells: are also called nurse cells. produce androgen binding protein. are located between seminiferous tubules.

are located between seminiferous tubules.

The diagram illustrates the respiratory membrane. Which layer is labeled with letter "C"?

basement membrane of alveolar epithelium

Use the drop-down menus to complete this statement. On this diagram, structure #13 is the [ Select ] ["prostate gland", "corpus cavernosum", "seminal vesicle", "bulbourethral gland", "corpus spongiosum"] and it [ Select ] ["produces testosterone", "often develops cancer in older males", "secretes a substance that helps to lubricate the tip of the penis", "initiates the process of spermatogenesis"] .

bulbourethral gland, secretes a substance that helps to lubricate the tip of the penis

Chordae tendineae are:

collagenous tendons the connect the AV valves and the papillary muscles.

Please use the drop-down menus to complete the following statements. A cell that is activated by antigens bound to class I MHC proteins is a cytotoxic T cell that will activate B cells

cytotoxic T cell secrete lymphotoxins to destroy the cell

Carla tries to swim at the bottom of the pool while using a very long PVC pipe as a snorkel. Which of the following will increase in comparison to her normal breathing on land? Select all answers that are correct.

dead space, PCO2,bicarbonate ions

With innate immunity,

each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same.

Use the drop-down menus to trace the pathway of an egg as it passes through the uterine tube after ovulation. First, it passes through the [ Select ] ["isthmus", "ampulla", "infundibulum", "fimbriae"] , then through [ Select ] ["isthmus", "ampulla", "fimbriae", "infundibulum"] , then through [ Select ] ["isthmus", "fimbriae", "ampulla", "infundibulum"] , then through [ Select ] ["fimbriae", "isthmus", "infundibulum", "ampulla"] .

fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

A classmate is late for the exam and runs up 5 flights of stairs to the exam room. When she arrives, you notice that her breathing frequency is increased. At the same time, you notice that her depth of breathing (how much air she takes with each breath) is:

greater than normal

The patient is a 68-year-old woman with chest pain and dyspnea (labored breathing). Her heart rate was initially in the 90s but then slowed to 42 beats per minute. Based on her ECG, you should diagnose her with:

heart block

James Hugh Murphy, a character from "The Greatest Showman," was famous for being at least 7'3" tall. His extremely tall stature was caused by [ Select ] ["normal", "low", "high"] amounts of growth hormone being secreted by the [ Select ] ["anterior pituitary gland", "adrenal cortex", "thyroid gland", "pancreas", "hypothalamus"] during childhood.

high, anterior pituitary gland

pheromone communication

hormones can be used to communicate between individuals of the same species- pheromones are released into the environment

Use the drop-down menus to complete the following questions. Sophia has a pituitary tumor that has begun to secrete excess ADH. This will [ Select ] ["decrease", "not affect", "increase"] her blood pressure, but [ Select ] ["epinephrine", "atrial natriuretic peptide", "angiotensin II", "erythropoietin"] would have the opposite effect.

increase, atrial natriuretic peptide

The main role of FSH in males is to:

initiate sperm production in the testes.

Name the three types of anemia that we discussed in class and describe the cause of each type of anemia (6 points).

iron-deficiency anemia (Slow, chronic blood loss within the body — such as from a peptic ulcer, a hiatal hernia, a colon polyp or colorectal cancer) sickle cell anemia (caused by a mutation in the gene that tells your body to make the iron-rich compound that makes blood red and enables red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs throughout your body (hemoglobin) pernicious anemia (caused by an autoimmune process that makes a person unable to produce a substance in the stomach called intrinsic factor. This substance is needed to absorb dietary vitamin B-12 in the small intestine).

Erica is experiencing high urine output, high blood sugar concentration, dehydration, high thirst, high weight loss, and metabolic acidosis. Which endocrine gland is involved in this disorder?

islets of Langerhans in the pancreas pancreas

Imagine that the anterior pituitary gland had to be removed from your patient's body because it contained a large tumor. Which of the following endocrine organs would be affected? (Hint: think about which of these organs is part of a pathway that involves the anterior pituitary gland).

testes.

In your own words, explain which areas of the pons control breathing and what they do.

the apneustic (promote passive and active exhalation) and pneumotaxic centers (promote inhalation by stimulating DRG) of the pons

A vessel with low water permeability, low protein permeability, and valves is most likely to be a(n)

vein