A&P Final

the Ena+ is

+60 mV

the figure above illustrates keratinization in the epidermis, in which layer of the epidermis do the keratinocytes die

Level C Gran.

for contraction to occur in cardiac muscles, extracellular calcium must enter the cell

True

whereas a plane describes an imaginary flat surface, a section describes a way to cut an organ

True

which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light

Vitamin D

the mesentery is

a double layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall

a concentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens

which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold

a positive feedback cycle develops in which depoloarization causes activation gates of sodium channels to open

which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction

a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit

An organ is

a structure composed of at least two primary tissue types

during resting conditions, ____ is synthesized to store energy

creatine phospate

rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross bridge forms but can release

what does "B" represent on the diagram

crossbridge

the outer surface of the hair is called the

cuticle

which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true

damage to the brainstem is usually fatal

fingertips and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called

dermal papillae

this is a midsagittal section of the right half of the Brian, what does "b" represent

diencephalon

the elbow _____ to the shoulder

distal

muscles and glands are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neuron s are called

effectors

which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis

elevated plasma glucose levels cause insulin secretion to increase (insulin causes cells to take up glucose)

from which layer of the skin do fingernails and toenails develop

epidermis

what is the site of long bone interstitial growth

epiphyseal plate

functionally, smooth muscle

exhibits long-lasting contractions known as the latch state

which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair correctly describes Wolff's law of bone

exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

a spinal nerve arises at the junction of dorsal and ventral rami

false

all sudoriferous glands develop during the onset of puberty

false

delicate unpigmented hairs cover the fetus on early development are called velds hairs

false

figure A illustrates the optimal resting length for this muscle to produce the greatest tension

false

in adults, an area of compact bone called the epiphyseal tract replaces the epiphyseal plate

false

positive-feedback mechanisms are always damaging to the body

false

the nervous system is described as amplitude-modulated because every action potential reaches the same amplitude

false

the pons is largely responsible for the control of skeletal muscle activity

false

the tightness of the ligament at each joint is the only limiting factor of movement at that joint

false

the central sulcus separates the

frontal and parietal lobes

groups of related nerve bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called

ganglia

visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with

gross anatomy

betsy took a fall, broke her arm, and when she took the cast off she was alarmed to see that her muscles

has undergone atrophy

bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35yrs old. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. he also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. which of the following changes account for these observations

he has fewer functional hair follicles and sebaceous glands now

the type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

hyaline cartilage

an IPSP is a local area of membrane

hyperpolarization

which of the following statements concerning the hypodermic is false

hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

in a reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defines as the

ideal normal value

which of the following is not a function of bone

immunity

friction ridges

improve the grip of the hands

which of the following is not a known effect of illegal use of anabolic steroids in large dosages

increased cardiovascular fitness

which of the following helps explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summations

increased concentration of calcium ions around the myofibrils

while Stacy is in the process of passing over the bar during a pole vault, her hips are considered to be

inferior to her shoulders

in this figure of a smooth muscle fiber, letter "D" represents the

intermediate filaments

lamellar bone

is organized into thin sheets of tissue

intact skin provides protection because

it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes

which of the following is not true of the latch state of smooth muscle contractions

it occurs when the phosphate is removed while the the crossbridges are not attached to actin

a place where two or more bones come together is a

joint and an articulation

in the body's lever system, the

joints represent the fulcrum point

locate the osteon on the anatomy of the compact bone

know what an osteon looks like

the eyes are ___ to the nose

lateral

the appendicular skeleton consists of

limbs and their girdles

the figure above illustrates the action potential, What does "A" represent

local potential

obturator nerve belongs to what plexus

lumbosacral

sciatic nerve belongs to what plexus

lumbosacral

the figure above shows the major trunk cavities and other structures. what does "A" represent

mediastinum

a frog's ability to use energy to jump is an example of

metabolism

Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time

microglial cells

both the nail root and the nail body attach to the

nail bed

hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

number of myofibrils within the muscle fibers

the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

only motor fibers

which of the following is correctly matched

osteoclast- responsible got reabsorption

which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes

osteoclasts

.the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the ..

parietal peritoneum

the amount of motion or movement at a joint when moved by an outside force is the _____ range of motion

passive

muscles that have their fascicule arranged like barbs of a feather along a common tendon are called

pennate

which of the following factors do not directly determine the amount and rate of melanin

physical fitness

which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration

pons, medulla oblongata

human bipedal locomotion required adaptations to the skeleton system such as

positioning of the spinal vertebrae to balance the skull over the center of gravity

imagine the following scenario. Blood pressure decreases below normal levels, blood flow to the heart decrease, heart is unable to pump as much blood, blood pressure decreases evermore. this is an example of _____ feedback

positive

the figure illustrates a detailed drawing of the neuromuscular junction. "D" represents.

presynaptic terminal

keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resists water loss

consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook, the primary way the level of force muscle contraction is controlled is by

recruiting a different number of motor units

oxidative fibers are

red and fatigue-resistant

muscles exhibit the property of excitability, this means that the muscles

responds to stimulation by the nervous system

barney accidentally sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. the burn was painful and blistered, he has what type of burn

second degree

place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

when two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a

synostosis

if five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur

temporal summation occurs

which of the following terms does not belong with the others

thalamus

which of the following can be concluded about a specific drug found to effectively treat obesity in mice

the drug id effective in the mouse model, it must still be tested by humans

16yr old Jake is diagnosed with hydrocephaly, what will this do if left untreated

the excess fluid will exert pressure on his brain

if all of the calcium within a muscle fiber was removed, which of the following could still occur

the heads of the myosin molecules return to their resting position and the recovery stroke occurs

what is the power stroke of a muscle

the movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament

whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited

the primary somatosensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

the same neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic cell but produces a variety of different effects

the postsynaptic cell is expressing different types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter

excitation-contraction coupling begins with

the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma

which of the following is false

the thalamus controls many endocrine functions

which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables

they always remain at a fixed value

which of the following is not a property of the myosin head

they bind to troponin

acetylcholine is released from a neuron

through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane

Endocannabinoid transmitters are unusual in that they act as retrograde chemical messengers

true

When a PNS axon is severed, Schwann cells form a regeneration tube and secrete growth-promoting chemotactic factors to direct axon regrowth to the correct site go innervation

true

a third degree burn may also be referred to as a full thickness burn

true

a tissue is a group of cells that share a similar structure and function ..

true

columns fo white matter within the spinal cord carry impulses to and from the brain

true

during hyperpolarixation, the potential difference between Ek+ and Ena+ increases

true

electrical synapse are composed of a series of connexion proteins known as a gap junction

true

figure G above illustrates a comminuted fracture

true

light-skinned races such as caucasians have about the same number of melanocytes as darker-skinned races

true

rabies and herpes viruses travel within the nervous system by retrograde axonal transport

true

stress and depression interfere with consolidation of memory, I.e. learning

true

the Nernst equation allows us to calculate the equilibrium potential of a single ion

true

the diffusion of a calcium ions into a smooth muscle cell does not depolarize the membrane so no action potentials occur

true

the spinal cord extends from the magnum foramen to L2

true

this organ system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH

urinary

reflexes involved in maintaining homeostasis may involve the ____ nerve

vagus

which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera

vagus nerve

osteoarthritis usually is caused by

wear and tear of the joints

this figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology, which is the zone of proliferating cartilage

zone 2 (from top)

chondroblasts produce

cartilage matrix

the contraction of the arrestor pill _____, resulting in goosebumps

.pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface

which of the following combinations indicate the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

which structure of the limbic system modulates memories of fear

Amygdala

which letter represents individual twitches

B (second section)

which of the following cranial nerves has three major branches

CN V (trigeminal)

which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills

CNS

which ion is responsible for initiating synaptic neurotransmitter release

Ca++

in which stage of hair growth does involution of the hair follicle occurs

catagen

the loss of dopaminergic neurons results in

Parkinson's disease

arrange the following list of biochemical events in the correct sequence A. action potential conducted deep into muscle fiber by t tubule B. calcium ion bind to troponin C. membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become permeable to calcium ion s D. calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril E. the troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites

a, c, d, b, e

what is the only neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction

acetylcholine

arrange the events of the synaptic transmission in correct sequence

action potential releases neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter difuses across synaptic clef, neurotransmitter binds to receptor, membrane permeability increases, sodium ion diffuses into the cell

if you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layers was/were cut

all layers

neurotransmitter is being released at a synapse, which of the following occurs lasts

an action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane

which of the following statements are true

an exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called kyphosis

when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to sodium ions,

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result

the effects of aging on the skin includes all of the following except

an increase in sebaceous gland activity

a researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentration in blood. According to the principle of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses

an increase in the respiratory rate

in a herniated (ruptured or slipped) disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___ cracks and the ___ oozes out

annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulpous

mammary glands are modified

apocrine glands

the pineal body

appears to play a role in controlling the onset of puberty

the white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as

arbor vitae

Haversian system (osteons)

are the basic units in compact bone tissue

known synovial articulation. what does "B" represent.

articular cartilage

which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential

as sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma e=membrane becomes more negative

list the following structures in order from smallest to largest a. muscle fiber b. myofilament c. myofibril d. muscle fasciulus

b, c, a, d

the muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you not off. which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off

back muscle stretched, muscle spindle stretched, action potential sensory neurons increase, action potential motor neurons increase, skeletal muscle of the back stretched

which type of muscle tissue is myogenic (auto rhythmic)

both cardiac and smooth muscle

melanin is found in which cells

both melanocytes and keratinocytes

the plantar surface is the

bottom of the foot

axillary nerve belongs to what plexus

brachial

median nerve belongs to what plexus

brachial

arrange the following events in endochondral ossification in proper sequence: a.) cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die b.) chondrocytes hypertrophy c.) cartilage model is formed d.) osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center e.) blood vessels from the periosteum invades calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts

c, b, a, e, d

the rural region is the

calf

what will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure

callus

to initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to

calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light-chain kinase

dermatomal maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate spinal nerve damage

which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch

cardiac muscle

phrenic nerve belongs to what plexus

cervical

the ansa cervicalis is a loop formed within the interplay of ventral rami in the ___ plexus

cervical

CSF is produced by the ____ and is reabsorbed by the ____

choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation

cephalic means

closer to the head

tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of

commissural fibers

in which type of bones would osteons be present

compact bone

the absolute refractory period assures

completion of repolarization before another action potential

which of the following is not a term that describes a cut that separates the body into left and right portions

coronal

which organ system is responsible for blood cell production

skeletal

the pleural cavity is the

space located between the visceral and parietal pleura

what condition is the failure of vertebral laminae to fuse

spina bifida

which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

structurally, the simplest reflex is the

stretch reflex

a sarcomere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle cell

during a spinal tap, CSF is obtained from which of the following locations

subarachnoid space

a bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. which of the following is responsible for this action

superior colliculi