A&P HMWK 13-16

Which cells are most directly associated with the formation of CSF? Ependymal cells Neurons Astrocytes Arachnoid granulations

Ependymal cells

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? Remove waste from brain cells Support the weight of the brain Cushion the brain Transport blood to brain structures

Transport blood to brain structures

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except XII. III. X. VII. IX.

XII.

Neurons that release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter are called

adrenergic.

general interpretive area

allows us to interpret what is read or heard

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except

anterograde amnesia.

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of sensory neurons

The medulla oblongata regulates

blood pressure and respiration

The choroid plexus is composed of

blood vessels

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the

brain stem

If the pons was damaged, which of the following functions would be affected?

breathing

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

cardiac plexus.

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion? ciliary submandibular pterygopalatine celiac otic

celiac

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

columns

The ________ connects the two sides of the cerebrum.

commissural fibers

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.

craniosacral

Part A Part complete You have a pair of new sneakers. As you walk along the corridor, your foot catches. Immediately, your body responds and you are able to catch yourself before falling. Which reflex was executed? crossed extensor reflex stretch reflex withdrawal reflex tendon reflex

crossed extensor reflex

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

increased heart rate and force of contraction.

Excitation of neurons in the basal nuclei would lead to

increased muscle tone

Which of these is NOT one of the essential components of a monosynaptic reflex? receptor activation integration processing in the CNS input by a sensory neuron output to a peripheral effector

integration processing in the CNS

The most complicated spinal reflexes are called

intersegmental reflex arcs

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

loss of sensation in his torso

Which of these is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? afferent nerve fibers spinal cord cranial nerves spinal nerves

spinal cord

The __________ is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and the __________ is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

spinal cord; spinal nerve

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the

superior and inferior colliculi

To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the

superior sagittal sinus.

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

suprarenal medullae

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."

sympathetic

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

sympathomimetic.

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. the "fight or flight" response. sympathetic activation. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

After arousal by a sensory stimulus, consciousness can be maintained by positive feedback, because of activity in the motor pathways. sensory pathways. cerebral cortex. basal nuclei. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as glands. cardiac muscle. adipose tissue. smooth muscle. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Integrative centers of the brain receive information from many sensory association areas. can impact higher intellectual functions. include the Wernicke's area. direct motor activities. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true? When activated, cAMP levels are affected. Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types. They are G proteins. Norepinephrine activates both alpha and beta types. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc? receptor activation afferent action potential efferent action potential All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? - Ganglia of the sympathetic division pass on excitatory signals, but ganglia of the parasympathetic division pass on inhibitory signals. - The major neurotransmitter released at the ganglia of the sympathetic division is ACh, but NE is released in ganglia of the parasympathetic division. - Ganglia of the sympathetic division are located near the spinal cord, but ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located in or near the target organ. - Neural transmission at the ganglia is faster in the parasympathetic division than in the sympathetic division because of myelination of pre- and postganglionic neurons.

Ganglia of the sympathetic division are located near the spinal cord, but ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located in or near the target organ.

Brain dopamine levels are important in all of these EXCEPT __________. the action of amphetamine schizophrenia Huntington's disease Parkinson's disease

Huntington's disease

Which of these is NOT a property of the limbic system? It is important in learning and memory. It is central to our ability to experience emotions. It regulates body temperature. It includes the hippocampus.

It regulates body temperature.

Which anatomical description is TRUE of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? - It is also known as the craniosacral division because of its origins of innervation. - Its innervation originates mainly in the thoracic segment of the spinal cord. - It has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers. - Its synapses are mainly located in intramural ganglia, within the tissues of the target organs.

Its innervation originates mainly in the thoracic segment of the spinal cord.

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

L1

Terry has recently been diagnosed with an inherited form of depression. Which of the flowing is the most likely cause for the depression? - Terry has a mutation in the enzyme involved in NE synthesis. - Terry has an overabundance of serotonin secretion. - Terry's depression is a result of excessive production of dopamine. - Terry is experiencing the destruction of GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei.

Terry has a mutation in the enzyme involved in NE synthesis.

What is the last spot where CSF circulates before being resorbed by the circulatory system?

The arachnoid villi

Which statement is true regarding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid of the spinal cord and brain? - There is a subarachnoid space within the spinal meninges but not the cranial meninges. - There is an epidural space associated with the spinal meninges, but not with the cranial meninges. - Spinal fluid is secreted both in the brain and in the spinal cord areas. - The meninges around the brain are not the same as those around the spinal cord. - The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord.

The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord.

When reviewing the general functions of the parasympathetic division, which of the following statements best summarizes the physiologic outcome? - The parasympathetic division mobilizes energy reserves in the liver and skeletal muscle for immediate release. - The parasympathetic division is considered a catabolic system because it functions to make glucose readily available to the cells. - The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate. - The parasympathetic division functions in short term, physiologic crisis management.

The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate.

Tom is a football player who gets hit hard from behind along his spine. About a week later, he is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, an infection of the CSF carried through the bloodstream. Given that the infection was associated with blood, which hypothesis is most likely to have occurred? - The pia matter tore away from the spinal cord, damaging the associated blood vessels, which leaked into the subarachnoid space. - The dura mater was torn, which allowed extracellular fluid into the spinal cord. - The infection was spread through the spinal nerves. - There was a rupture of blood vessels attached to the arachnoid mater that allowed the bacterial contamination to occur.

The pia matter tore away from the spinal cord, damaging the associated blood vessels, which leaked into the subarachnoid space.

What is the correct pairing of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? - The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, and the postganglionic neuron releases NE. - The preganglionic neuron releases NE, and the postganglionic neuron releases NE. - The preganglionic neuron releases NE, and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh. - The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh.

The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh.

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except dilation of the pupils. decreased heart rate. increased sweat secretion. increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. reduced circulation to the skin.

decreased heart rate.

The pineal gland is part of the

diencephalon

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

dura mater

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal

Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will _________

facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his

general interpretive area

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures

The elevated ridges of the cerebrum are called

gyri

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

myelinated axons

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

neuron cell bodies

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves.

pelvic

A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.

polysnaptic

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus

What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?

preganglionic neuron

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? prosencephalon midbrain pons cerebrum diencephalon

prosencephalon

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

reduced ability to regulate body temperature

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

sensory input would be blocked

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

sensory nuclei

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food

If you are reading and you unexpectedly hear a loud noise, your head generally snaps up. Which portion of the midbrain is most likely to be responsible for this reflexive motion?

the inferior colliculus

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The sympathetic division is also called the ________ division.

thoracolumbar

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

trigeminal

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the

vermis