A&P HW (Test 3)
Define balanced diet. (Module 23.15A)
A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients needed to maintain homeostasis and prevent malnutrition.
Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C)
BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreased hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.
Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)
Blood CO2 levels
Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)
Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.
Predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a person's body temperature. (Module 23.20A)
Body temperature would decrease.
Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A)
Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts
Which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?
Brush border enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream.
Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A)
Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.
Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body?
In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the
dorsal respiratory (DRG)
Name the three segments of the small intestine from proximal to distal. (Module 22.13A)
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The movement of materials along the digestive tract, as well as many secretory functions, is primarily controlled by which of the following?
local factors
Name the four layers of the digestive tract beginning from the lumen of the digestive tract. (Module 22.2B)
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscularis mucosa
Name the regions and functions of the pharynx. (Module 22.8A)
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; to provide a passageway for food to enter the esophagus and/or air to enter the larynx
Identify the structure labeled "10."
oblique muscle layer
Emphysema:
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents along the digestive tract: peristalsis or segmentation? Why? (Module 22.4A)
peristalsis; because it involves pushing the bolus forward
All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it
precedes the gastric phase.
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
slightly superior
Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin?
stimulates gastric secretion
What is the function of the gallbladder? (Module 22.20D)
store and concentrate bile
The oral cavity is lined by which type of epithelium? (Module 22.6A)
stratified squamous epithelium
What is the salivary gland that secretes a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase and buffers?
submandibular
Which pair of salivary glands secretes substances that reduce oral bacteria populations? (Module 22.19D)
submandibular
List the accessory organs of the digestive system. (Module 22.1C)
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
The physiological activities of the digestive system are not regulated by
the cerebral cortex
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Each of the following is a function of the liver except
antibody production.
Chylomicrons:
are lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids.
When and how do ketone bodies form? (Module 23.13B)
during the postabsorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver
Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?
electron transport system
Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called
emulsification
The crown of a tooth is covered by
enamel
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of
essential fatty acids.
The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the
falciform ligament.
Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?
functional residual capacity (FRC)
Identify the structure labeled "12."
fundus
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
In the postabsorptive state of metabolic activity, __________.
glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecule of oxygen
Which type of nephron is essential for water conservation and concentrated urine production? (Module 24.3C)
juxtamedullary nephrons
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
k
Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A)
kidneys
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that
lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pylorus.
List the reactants required and products generated by mitochondria. (Module 23.2A)
reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2; products: CO2, H2O, and ATP
The cecum and the vermiform appendix are physically located in the
right inguinal region.
What is the function of parietal cells? (Module 22.11B)
secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers is
secretin.
What type of epithelium covers the structures labeled "6"?
simple columnar
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
small intestine
In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.
sphincters
Which structure of the kidney functions to reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate?
the proximal convoluted tubule
Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B)
the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum
What happens to the ammonium ions that are removed from amino acids during deamination? (Module 23.12C)
they combine with CO2 and enter the urea cycle
What is the importance of the mesenteries? (Module 22.2A)
they support and stabilize organs of the abdominal cavity and provide a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
What type of muscle cells are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions and mechanically connected by dense bodies?
visceral smooth muscles
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity.
Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result, Mary can expect to be at risk for
vitamin B12 deficiency.
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide
In the center of a liver lobule there is a
central vein
Describe cholecystitis. (Module 22.24B)
cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder
Circular folds are
circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine.
On average, the body produces ________ of saliva in a day.
1.0-1.5 L
List the products of glycolysis. (Module 23.3A)
2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH
Describe the function of the large intestine. (Module 22.5C)
Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?
It causes RBCs to swell
Why might the positive feedback loop described above potentially cause damage to digestive organs?
It will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower
Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas. (Module 22.18B)
The exocrine pancreas produces buffers and enzymes and the endocrine pancreas produces hormones
Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs?
The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages
Which of the following statements about the tongue is false?
The uvula attaches to the base.
Define the vasa recta. (Module 24.5C)
The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop.
A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in
a higher pH during gastric digestion
The movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, minerals, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid is known as
absorption
What molecule forms the common substrate for the citric acid cycle? (Module 23.4.B)
acetate ion
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called
basal metabolic rate.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children.
10
From deep to superficial, put the following layers of the kidney in order: 1) renal capsule 2) perinephric fat 3) cortex 4) renal fascia
3, 1, 2, 4
Put the following urinary structures in order as urine is produced and eliminated from the body 1) liver.2) urinary bladder.3) kidney.4) ureter.5) urethra.
3,4,2,5
Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla
5,1,4,2,3
Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.
60
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)
Dysplasia is the development of abnomral cells, metaplasia, is the development of abnomral changes in tissue structure, neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells, and anaplasia is the spread of malignant cells throughout the body
During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)
Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.
Which characteristic of H. pylori is most likely an adaptation to deal with the stomach's powerful muscle contractions that churn its contents?
Its surface adhesins
Describe the roles of LDLs and HDLs. (Module 23.10C)
LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues and HDLs absorb unused cholesterol and return it to the liver.
Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true?
Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center.
What two coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain? (Module 23.4C)
NAD and FAD
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
Neoplasi is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery
Briefly describe phenylketonuria (PKU). (Module 23.16B)
PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
Define protein deficiency disease, and cite an example. (Module 23.16C)
Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and kwashiorkor is an example.
Explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source. (Module 23.9C)
Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues.
H. pylori probably prefers the pyloric antrum, because
Slightly less acidic environment
Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C)
Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space
Describe the orientation of smooth muscle fibers in the muscular layer of the digestive tract. (Module 22.3A)
The cells align parallel to each other and form an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Tidal volume
In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the
blood levels of secretin rise.
Identify when most of the CO2 is released during the complete catabolism of glucose. (Module 23.6A)
citric acid cycle
Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?
collecting duct
Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.
cytochromes
It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.
ghrelin
The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called
gluconeogenesis.
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?
glucose
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?
greater omentum
What bacterium is responsible for most peptic ulcers? (Module 22.24C)
helicobactor pylori
Trace a drop of bile from the hepatic ducts to the duodenal lumen. (Module 22.22B)
hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen
Describe hepatitis. (Module 22.24A)
hepatitis is inflammation of the liver
The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the
hypothalamus.
Describe the muscular layer of the esophagus. (Module 22.8B)
inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer; superior third is skeletal muscle, middle third is mixed skeletal and smooth muscle, inferior third is smooth muscle
In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following?
insulin
Which of the following is a structure of the portal triad?
interlobular artery
The ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control.
internal anal sphincter
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart and is then pumped to body cells
The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the
jejunum.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
What is the function of the vasa recta?
to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron
What is the primary digestive function of the pancreas? (Module 22.23A)
to produce buffers and enzymes for the digestion of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
Which process, supported by the posterior margin of the soft palate, helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely?
uvula
