A&P I Chapter 10 Chapter Review

Radical mastectomy, once a common treatment for breast cancer, involved removal of the pectoralis major along with the breast. What functional impairment would result from this? What synergists could a physical therapist train a patient to use to recover some lost function?

Because the pectoralis major flexes the shoulder, adducts and rotates the humerus, and depresses the pectoral girdle, its absence would make such actions as climbing, pushing, throwing, and adducting the arm (as in reaching across to the other side of the chest) difficult. Some synergists that could partially take over these functions include the latissimus dorsi, teres major and minor, coracobrachialis, subscapularis, and anterior portion of the deltoid.

Removal of cancerous lymph nodes from the neck sometimes requires removal of the sternocleidomastoid on that side. How would this affect a patient's range of head movements?

If the left sternocleidomastoid were removed, for example, it would make it more difficult to bow the head and look downward toward the right.

A student moving out of a dormitory kneels down in correct fashion, to lift a heavy box of books. What prime moves are involved as he straightens his legs to lift the box?

In heavy lifting of this sort, the quadriceps femoris and gluteus maximums produce most of the force in extending the knee and hip, respectively.

Women who habitually wear high heels may suffer painful "high heel syndrome" when they go barefoot or wear flat shoes. What muscle(s) and tendon(s) are involved?

The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and the calcaneal tendon are affected because they are more stretched when a person walks flat-footed than when one walks in high heels.

In a disease called tick paralysis the saliva from a tick bite paralyzes skeletal muscles beginning with the lower limbs and progressing superiorly. What would be the most urgent threat to the life of a tick paralysis patient?

Tick paralysis presents a threat of suffocation if it affects the respiratory muscles of the chest. (Entire herds of cattle have been killed by tick-induced respiratory paralysis.)

Which of these actions is not performed by the trapezius?

adduction of the humerus

The ___________ is the muscle primarily responsible for a given movement at a joint.

agonist (prime mover)

The tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior are:

antagonists.

a muscle that has fibers obliquely approaching its tendon from both sides is called a/an _____________ muscle

bipennate-A muscle somewhat like a feather

Which of the following muscles is the prime mover in spitting out a mouthful of liquid?

buccinator

Both the extensor digitorum and the extensor digiti minimi

extend the little finger.

A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium is called a/an ____________

fascicle

Connective tissue bands called _________ prevent flexor tendons from rising like bowstrings.

flexor retinacula

Which of these is not a suprahyoid muscle?

genioglossus

The three large muscles on the posterior side of the thigh are commonly known as the ________ muscles.

hamstring

Normal exhaling requires contraction of the

inspiratory muscles

Which of these muscles of the pelvic floor is the deepest?

levator ani

The abdominal aponeuroses converge on a median fibrous band on the abdomen called the ___________.

linea alba

The __________ of a muscle is the point where it attaches to a relatively stationary bone.

origin

Cutting the phrenic nerves would paralzye the

prime mover of respiration.

Curling the toes employs the

quadratus plantae.

Which of the following muscles does not extend the hip joint?

quadriceps femoris

Hamstring injuries often result from

rapid extention of the knee

Both the gastrocnemius and ___________ muscles insert on the heel by way of the calcaneal tendon.

soleus

A circular muscle that closes a body opening is called a/an ____________.

sphincter

The orbicularis occuli and orbicularis oris are

sphincters.

Which of these muscles is an extensor of the neck?

splenius capitis

A muscle that works with another to produce the same of similar movement is called a/an _____________.

synergist

Both the hands and feet are acted upon by a muscle or muscles called

the abductor digiti minimi

The origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is the

the clavicle and manubrium

Each muscle fiber has a sleeve of areolar connective tissue around it called

the endomysium

The trapezius is superficial to:

the scalenes.

The anterior half of the perineum is a region called the __________.

urogenital triangle

To push someone away from you

you would use the serratus anterior more than the trapezius.

Which of the following muscles raises the upper lip?

zygomaticus minor