A&P I - Ex8: Nervous Tissue & Spinal Cord

1. white column 2. anterior ventral grey horn 3. anterior ventral root 4. spinal nerve

order of structures through which motor impulses pass as they descend from the brain and leave the spinal cord

ion channels

transmembrane proteins in the cell membrane

13 = Dorsal Root Ganglion

identify #13 of internal structures of spinal cord

2 = Posterior Horn

identify #2 of internal structures of spinal cord

Anterior (Ventral) Root

identify #2 of structures of the spinal cord

3 = Gray Commissure

identify #3 of internal structures of spinal cord

Pia Mater

identify #3 of structures of the spinal cord

4 = Anterior Funiculus

identify #4 of internal structures of spinal cord

Arachnoid Mater

identify #4 of structures of the spinal cord

5 = Lateral Funiculus

identify #5 of internal structures of spinal cord

Dura Mater

identify #5 of structures of the spinal cord

6 = Posterior Funiculus

identify #6 of internal structures of spinal cord

posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

identify #6 of structures of the spinal cord

7 = Anterior Commissure

identify #7 of internal structures of spinal cord

spinal nerve

identify #7 of structures of the spinal cord

8 = Anterior Median Fissure

identify #8 of internal structures of spinal cord

9 = Posterior Median Sulcus

identify #9 of internal structures of spinal cord

A. Makes the membrane less polarized

* A depolarizing graded potential A. Makes the membrane less polarized B. Occurs when acetylcholine enters the cytosol C. Makes the membrane more polarized D. Occurs on the axon E. Occurs when chloride enters the cytosol

C. Either EPSP or IPSP

* A postsynaptic neuron responds to acetylcholine neurotransmitter by creating A. EPSP B. IPSP C. Either EPSP or IPSP D. Neither EPSP or IPSP

E. 2

* A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? A. 5 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4 E. 2

C. Radial

* An injection into the shoulder results in an inability to extend the wrist and fingers. Which nerve was injured? A. Median B. Musculocutaneous C. Radial D. Ulnar

C. Sensory function

* Hearing your cell phone ring in an quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions? A. Integrative function B. Motor function C. Sensory function D. More than one of the types of nervous system functions

B. Nervous

* Identify the correct primary tissue type shown in this image. A. Epithelial B. Nervous C. Connective D. Muscle

A. Pia mater

* Identify the structure seen here. A. Pia mater B. Subarachnoid space C. Dura mater D. Subdural space E. Epidural space F. Arachnoid mater

1 and 2 are correct 1. Contraction of the effector muscle 2. Relaxation of the antagonist muscle

* In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. Contraction of the effector muscle 2. Relaxation of the antagonist muscle 3. Contraction of the antagonist muscle 4. Relaxation of the effector muscle.

FALSE

* T/F? In an ipsilateral reflex arc, the sensory receptors and effectors are on opposite sides of the body. In a contralateral reflex arc, the sensory receptors and effectors are on the same side of the body.

B. pia mater

* The thin meninx intimate with the spinal cord is called the: A. arachnoid mater B. pia mater C. dura mater

B. arachnoid mater

* The web-like, middle meninx is called the: A. dura mater B. arachnoid mater C. pia mater

A. Nervous

* These cells contain processes that receive and generate electrical signals to communicate with other cells. A. Nervous B. Connective C. Epithelial D. Muscle

A. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

* When a graded potential summates to threshold at the axon hillock, A. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. B. Ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. C. Ligand-gated K+ channels open rapidly. D. Voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. E. Ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

D. between dendrites and axon hillock

* Where is a cell body located in the sequence of structures involved in receiving and sending a nerve impulse? A. between axon terminal and second neuron or effector B. between axon and synapse C. between cell body and trigger zone D. between dendrites and axon hillock

D. between the spinal nerve and posterior (dorsal) root

* Where is the posterior (dorsal) root ganglion located in the sequence of structures through which sensory impulses pass as they enter the spinal cord and travel toward the brain? A. between the posterior (dorsal) root and posterior gray horn B. between the posterior (dorsal)root and white column C. between the anterior (ventral) root and posterior (dorsal) root ganglion D. between the spinal nerve and posterior (dorsal) root

C. Nerve action potential

* Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system? A. Graded potential B. Muscle action potential C. Nerve action potential D. Resting potential

A. Efferent

* Which nerve fibers carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles? A. Efferent B. Afferent C. Association D. Both Efferent and Afferent

E. Sensory receptor

* Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors the rectus femoris muscle stretching? A. Motor neuron B. Interneuron C. Effector D. Integrating center E. Sensory receptor

Repolarization

+30mV to -70mV for the event of:

Threshold

-55mV for the event of:

Depolarization

-69 to +30mV for the event of:

Resting Membrane Potential

-70mV for the event of:

Hyperpolarization

-71mV to -90mV (or below) for the event of:

1 = Anterior Horn

identify #1 of internal structures of spinal cord

leak mechanical ligand voltage

4 types of ion channels

EITHER??? A. At the trigger zone of the axon hillock, -55 ...OR... D. At the cell body, -70

A graded potential must change the membrane potential where & by how much to get an action potential? A. At the trigger zone of the axon hillock, -55 B. At the trigger zone of the axon hillock, -70 C. At the dendrite, -55 D. At the cell body, -70

negative feedback system

A stretch receptor in a skeletal muscle is activated when a muscle gets longer. This activates a motor neuron that will stimulate the same muscle to shorten to the appropriate length. This represents a:

C. Depolarizes

An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane. A. Does not affect the polarity of B. Hyperpolarizes C. Depolarizes D. Repolarizes E. Creates a synaptic delay at

cardiac muscle glands

Autonomic reflexes send efferent signals to what 3 types of structures? Select all that apply: skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle glands

Posterior (Dorsal) Root

identify #1 of structures of the spinal cord

10 = Central Canal

identify #10 of internal structures of spinal cord

11 = Anterior Root

identify #11 of internal structures of spinal cord

gray matter

Central region of all major CNS areas

Voltage gated

Channel Primarily Involved with action potential

Mechanically or Ligand

Channel Primarily Involved with graded potential

B. Reciprocal

Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed _______ innervation. A. Ipsilateral B. Reciprocal C. Antagonist-effector D. Crossed-extensor E. Intersegmental

Subarachnoid Space

Identify the structure "A" seen here.

Pia Mater

Identify the structure "B" seen here.

Arachnoid Mater

Identify the structure "C" seen here.

Dura Mater

Identify the structure "D" seen here.

Spinal Meninges

Identify the structure "E" seen here.

Posterior (Dorsal) Root Ganglion

Identify the structure "F" seen here.

Body of vertebra

Identify the structure "G" seen here.

B. Subarachnoid space

Identify the structure seen here. A. Pia mater B. Subarachnoid space C. Dura mater D. Subdural space E. Epidural space F. Arachnoid mater

C. Dura mater

Identify the structure seen here. A. Pia mater B. Subarachnoid space C. Dura mater D. Subdural space E. Epidural space F. Arachnoid mater

E. Epidural space

Identify the structure seen here. A. Pia mater B. Subarachnoid space C. Dura mater D. Subdural space E. Epidural space F. Arachnoid mater

B. Excitation of antagonist muscles

In reciprocal innervation of the tendon reflex stimulation of afferent fibers causes A. Inhibition of antagonist muscles B. Excitation of antagonist muscles C. Excitation of muscles on the contralateral side D. Inhibition of effector muscles E. Excitation of effector muscles

L4

In reference to the patellar reflex: spinal nerve is mainly responsible for the efferent impulses

contraction of a muscle in response to its passive stretching

In reference to the patellar reflex: stretch reflex

dorsal gray horn

In reference to the patellar reflex: stretch reflex integration center

muscle spindles

In reference to the patellar reflex: stretch reflex receptor

3 & 4

In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. Contraction of the effector muscle 2. Relaxation of the antagonist muscle 3. Contraction of the antagonist muscle 4. Relaxation of the effector muscle.

astrocytes

In the CNS, _____ are the glial cells which regulate the ion concentrations surrounding the neuron. satellite cells oligodendrocytes Schwann cells astrocytes microglia ependymal cells

Schwann cells

In the PNS, the myelin sheath is formed by _____. Node of Ranvier Schwann cells Soma Myelin sheath

agonist: quadriceps femoris group antagonist: hamstrings group

In the patellar reflex, the efferent impulses travel to the agonist and antagonist. What is the agonist and antagonistic muscles?

somatic

Is the stretch reflex a somatic or autonomic reflex?

ipsilateral

Is the stretch reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?

monosynaptic

Is the stretch reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

axon and synaptic end bulbs

Location on Neuron of Action Potential:

Soma & dendrites

Location on Neuron of Graded Potential:

white matter

Myelinated neuronal axons

A. The axon contains Na+ and K+ voltage-gated ion channels, while the dendrite contains ligand-gated ion channels.

One of the main differences between an axon and a dendrite is: A. The axon contains Na+ and K+ voltage-gated ion channels, while the dendrite contains ligand-gated ion channels. B. The axon contains ligand-gated ion channels, while the dendrite contains Na+ and K+ voltage-gated ion channels.

1. receptor > 2. sensory neuron > 3. control center > 4. motor neuron > 5. effector

Place the components of a reflex sequence in order: sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector, control center, receptor.

2, 4, 1, 5, 3

Place the components of the reflex arc in order using 1-5. 1: interneurons 2: a sensory receptor 3: an effector organ (muscle fibers, or glands) 4: a sensory (or afferent) neuron 5: a motor (or efferent) neuron

A. Enter the spinal cord via the Posterior (Dorsal) Root.

Sensory neurons in the spinal cord: A. Enter the spinal cord via the Posterior (Dorsal) Root. B. Exit the spinal cord via the Anterior (Ventral) Root. C. Enter the spinal cord via the Anterior (Ventral) Root. D. Exit the spinal cord via the Posterior (Dorsal) Root.

skeletal muscle

Somatic reflexes include all those reflexes that involve stimulation of the _____________ muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system. skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle glands

1, 2, 3, 4

Spinal nerves 1. Are part of the PNS 2. Connect the CNS to sensory receptors and effectors in all parts of the body 3. Are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge 4. Are mixed nerves 5. Only transmit sensory information 6. Only transmit motor information.

TRUE

T/F? A reflex is a fast, automatic response to protect the body.

TRUE

T/F? Nervous tissue receives and sends information.

Crossed-extensor reflex

The __ reflex leads to activation of flexors on one side of the body and extensors on the opposite side. Crossed-extensor reflex Stretch reflex Tendon reflex

contralateral

The consensual response is any reflex observed on one side of the body when the other side has been stimulated, is called an ipsilateral response or a contralateral response?

autonomic

The consensual response is any reflex observed on one side of the body when the other side has been stimulated. Is the consensual reflex a somatic or autonomic reflex?

Cervical plexus

The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. From where does it originate? Cervical plexus Lumbar plexus Brachial plexus Thoracic plexus

A. sacral plexus

The sciatic nerve originates from the: A. sacral plexus B. cervical plexus C. brachial plexus D. lumbar plexus

C. Between L1 and L2

The spinal cord ends A. At S5 B. At L5 C. Between L1 and L2 D. At T12 E. Between T9 and T10

B. cerebrospinal fluid

The subarachnoid space is filled with A. blood B. cerebrospinal fluid C. adipose tissue

B. dura mater

The tough, outer meninx of the spinal cord is called the A. pia mater B. dura mater C. arachnoid mater

more

There is __________ potassium inside of, than outside of, the cell.

less

There is __________ sodium inside of, than outside of, the cell.

Tendon reflex

This reflex causes a contraction of a stretched muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle. (The most famous example is the patellar reflex, in which the muscles of the quadriceps are stretched by tapping the patellar tendon.) Crossed-extensor reflex Tendon reflex Stretch reflex

Graded Potential

Type of Potential located on Soma & dendrites of a neuron

Action Potential

Type of Potential located on axon and synaptic end bulbs of neurons

Graded Potential

Type of Potential; Channel Primarily Involved: Mechanically or Ligand

Action Potential

Type of Potential; Channel Primarily Involved: Voltage gated

B. They make membrane proteins and proteins for export.

What are the Nissl bodies function? A. They convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system. B. They make membrane proteins and proteins for export. C. They enable the synaptic signaling process. D. They transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells.

C. at a synapse, a presynaptic sensory neuron stimulates the postsynaptic interneuron to form a graded potential in its cell body

What best describes the communication event occurring at number 3 in the image? A. a graded potential starts in a sensory receptor in the skin B. a synapse in the thalamus creates a graded potential followed by an action potential in a secondary interneuron which reaches the cerebral cortex C. at a synapse, a presynaptic sensory neuron stimulates the postsynaptic interneuron to form a graded potential in its cell body

EITHER??? D. Depolarizing (Na+ gates open), Repolarizing (K+ gates open), Hyperpolarizing (Refractory Period) ...OR... C. Depolarizing (K+ gates open), Repolarizing (K+ gates close), Hyperpolarizing (Na+ gates open)

What is happening in each phase of an Action Potential? A. Depolarizing (K+ gates open), Repolarizing (Na+ gates open), Hyperpolarizing (Refractory Period) B. Depolarizing (Na+ gates close), Repolarizing (K+ gates open), Hyperpolarizing (K+ gates close) C. Depolarizing (K+ gates open), Repolarizing (K+ gates close), Hyperpolarizing (Na+ gates open) D. Depolarizing (Na+ gates open), Repolarizing (K+ gates open), Hyperpolarizing (Refractory Period)

reciprocal innervation

What is the inhibition of antagonistic muscles that follows the contraction of the agonist muscle termed? reciprocal innervation intersegmental ipsilateral contralateral

superior colliculi

What specific part of the midbrain receives information on eye movement? superior colliculi inferior colliculi pineal gland pons medulla

B. between axon hillock and axon

Where is a trigger zone located in the sequence of structures involved in receiving and sending a nerve impulse? A. between axon and synapse B. between axon hillock and axon C. between trigger zone and axon terminal D. between cell body and trigger zone

C. between cell body and trigger zone

Where is an axon hillock located in the sequence of structures involved in receiving and sending a nerve impulse? A. between axon terminal and second neuron or effector B. between trigger zone and axon terminal C. between cell body and trigger zone D. between axon and synapse

12 = Posterior Root

identify #12 of internal structures of spinal cord

C. between posterior (dorsal) root and white column

Where is the posterior gray horn located in the sequence of structures through which sensory impulses pass as they enter the spinal cord and travel toward the brain? A. between anterior (ventral) root and posterior (dorsal) root B. between anterior (ventral )root and posterior (dorsal) root ganglion C. between posterior (dorsal) root and white column D. between spinal nerve and posterior (dorsal) root

A. Endoneurium

Which connective tissue covers unmyelinated or myelinated axons? A. Endoneurium B. Endomysium C. Epineurium D. Perineurium

oculomotor

Which cranial nerve innervates the iris? optic oculomotor abducens facial trochlear

optic

Which cranial nerve senses the light shining through the pupil? optic oculomotor abducens facial trochlear

Both 1 and 3 are correct

Which nerve fibers carry impulses from sensory receptors in the hand to the CNS when you touch a hot stove? 1. Afferent 2. Efferent 3. Peripheral

Electrical synapse

Which of the following allows for two-way communication via gap junctions and is used to coordinate cardiac/smooth muscle contraction? Chemical synapse Electrical synapse Graded potential Action Potential

C. Satellite cells and Schwann cells

Which of the following are types of supporting cells of the PNS? A. Microglia and Schwann cells B. Oligodendrocytes and satellite cells C. Satellite cells and Schwann cells D. Oligodendrocytes and microglia

A. Brain and spinal cord

Which of the following is a component of the CNS? A. Brain and spinal cord B. Efferent motor neurons C. Sensory receptors and sensory neurons

Stretch reflex

Which of the following spinal reflexes involves signaling on one side of the spinal cord and typically involves monosynaptic communication? Stretch reflex Tendon reflex Crossed-extensor reflex

sympathetic

Which specific system controls the dilator muscles (fibers that radiate from the pupil) of iris muscles? Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Parasympathetic

Which specific system controls the iris sphincter muscles (ring of iris muscles)? Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

C. Posterior (dorsal) rami

Which spinal nerve ramus has branches that serve the deep muscles and skin of the back? A. Rami communicantes B. Anterior (ventral) rami C. Posterior (dorsal) rami

A. Interneuron

Which type of neuron does the sensory neuron synapse with in a polysynaptic reflex arc? A. Interneuron B. Motor C. Sensory

Mechanically-gated

You stop at a red light and someone is playing the radio so loud the bass is vibrating your car windows. What type of specific ion channel is most likely to be activated in the sensory cells of your ears? Ligand-gated Voltage-gated Mechanically-gated Leakage

voltage (V)

a measure of the potential energy that is stored when charged particles are separated

electrochemical gradients

concentration gradients that are responsible for the movement of most ions; these ions carry electrical charges

A. adjustments in pupil size with changes in light levels

consensual light reflex A. adjustments in pupil size with changes in light levels B. a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination C. protect the body from damaging stimuli

B. a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination

crossed extensor reflex A. adjustments in pupil size with changes in light levels B. a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination C. protect the body from damaging stimuli

1. spinal nerve 2. posterior dorsal root ganglion 3. posterior dorsal root 4. posterior gray horn 5. white column

order of structures which sensory impulses pass as they enter spinal cord and travel toward brain

A. adjustments in pupil size with changes in light levels

pupillary reflex A. adjustments in pupil size with changes in light levels B. a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination C. protect the body from damaging stimuli

contralateral reflex arc

reflex arc, the sensory receptors and effectors are on opposite sides of the body.

ipsilateral reflex arc

reflex arc, the sensory receptors and effectors are on the same side of the body.

voltage-gated (VG) ion channels

respond to changes in voltage

ion channels

selectively allow ions to move down a concentration gradient into or out of the cell

C. protect the body from damaging stimuli

withdrawal reflex A. adjustments in pupil size with changes in light levels B. a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination C. protect the body from damaging stimuli