A&P II BLOOD VESSELS

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)

It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?

muscular

Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to

pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________.

precapillary sphincter

Describe Systemic Circulation

The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium.

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin

Natriuretic peptide release by the heart __________.

results in increased sodium loss in urine

The brachiocephalic trunk branches to form which of the following?

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries)

Where is the majority of blood volume located during rest?

systematic venous system

Arrange the following structures in the correct order as blood would pass through them.

systemic veins right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins left atrium

Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following except

the right subclavian artery

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C)

The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).

Where are chemoreceptors located?

They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in

blood vessel diameter

Name the arterial structure in the neck region that contains baroreceptors. (Module 19.18B)

carotid sinus

Arteries of the pulmonary circuit:

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?

change in vessel diameter

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit.

elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles capillaires venules medium veins large veins

The vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is the

vertebral vein

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue

viscosity length diameter flow characteristics

Cardiac output

volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute

turbulence...

increases resistance and slows blood flow

Blood is drained from the various venous sinuses within the cranium by the:

internal jugular veins

A blockage of which branch of the aortic arch would interfere with blood flow to the left arm? (Module 19.17B)

left subclavian artery

Sensory neurons that are part of the chemoreceptor reflexes are found in all of the following EXCEPT the

lung

Sensory neurons that are part of chemoreceptor reflexes are found in the

medulla oblongata common coratid arch of the aorta

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

venules

The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called

vasoconstriction

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except

vasodilation

describe capillary

A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)

Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

the following factors increases blood pressure

Increase blood viscosity Increase total peripheral resistance Increase blood vessel length Increase cardiac output Increase blood volume

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)

Right atrium

Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)

Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.

What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins? (Module 19.4D)

Varicose veins form when the vein walls weaken and the valves fail so blood begins to pool in the veins.

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

In which of the following would the resistance be greater?

a vessel 10 microns in diameter

Total peripheral resistance

amount of friction blood encounters during the flow in blood vessels

Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?

an increase in vessel diameter

blood volume is affected by

excessive sweating and blood donating

Blood pressure

force of blood against the vessel wall

Blood viscostiy

friction red blood cells encounter when moving past one another

Angiogenesis

growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels

total peripheral resistance is affected by

growth, smoking, high altitude living, increased sympathetic activity.

The superior vena cava collect blood from the

head, chest, and upper limbs.

Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors? (Module 19.5A)

heart flow, stroke volume, venous pressure, peripheral resistance

decrease in CO2 causes

increased blood pH

the following factors decrease blood pressure

increases blood vessel diameter

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?

tunica externa

The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the

tunica media

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

Which wall layer is thicker in the artery than in the vein?

tunica media