A&P II Ch 16 Mastering HW

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. - synthesizing more than one hormone at a time - altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA - binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP - increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. - blood pressure - gluconeogenesis - plasma glucose levels = All of the listed responses are correct.

blood pressure

The images show the events that occur in your body after you eat a sugary snack. Put the events in the correct sequence. Drag each image to the appropriate location in the sequence.

1) blood glucose becomes high 2) pancreases releases insulin 3) insulin binds to receptors on target cells 4) cells take glucose 5) blood glucose returns to normal

The diagram shows the steps in the homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall. Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram.

1) low blood glucose 2) cells in the pancreas 3) glucagon 4) liver cells 5) glycogen breakdown; glucose released into blood

Most water-soluble hormones exert their effects through the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). This activity will test your understanding of the events that occur during cAMP signaling. Drag the events of cAMP signaling in the correct sequence from left to right.

1) water-soluble hormone binds receptor 2) receptor activates G protein 3) G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4) adenylat4e cyclase generates cAMP 5) cAMP activates protein kinases

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. - True - False

False

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? - oxytocin - thyroid hormones - prolactin (PRL) - GH (growth hormone)

GH (growth hormone)

Which of the following is not a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland? - Endemic goiter - Graves' disease - Myxedema - Cretinism

Graves' disease

_____ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present. - Permissiveness - Antagonism - Synergism - Activism

Permissiveness

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts? - Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Follicle-stimulating hormone - Prolactin - Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Prolactin

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? - Organism - Synergism - Permissiveness - Antagonism

Synergism

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands? - They have ducts. - They drain vascularly. - They produce hormones. - They drain lymphatically.

They have ducts.

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. - True - False

True

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body. - True - False

True

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues. - True - False

True

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? - decreased insulin secretion - decreased or difficulty breathing - decreased cardiac output - decreased sweating

decreased insulin secretion

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. - there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane - during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes - the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids - the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? - hormonal - neural - enzymatic - humoral

enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? - hormonal - neural - humoral - enzymatic

enzymatic

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? - epinephrine - ADH (vasopressin) - cortisol - aldosterone

epinephrine

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? - epinephrine - estrogen - aldosterone - cortisone

epinephrine

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress? - thyroxine - insulin - glucocorticoids - mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? - low blood glucose - cool, dry skin - slow heart rate - heart palpitations

heart palpitations

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? - humoral stimuli - neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) - all of these - hormonal stimuli

hormonal stimuli

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. - enzymes - antibodies - hormones - proteins

hormones

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? - hyperglycemia - a decrease in blood glucose levels - release of insulin - somatostatin

a decrease in blood glucose levels

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________. - hormonal stimuli - neural stimuli - humoral stimuli - endocrinal stimuli

humoral stimuli

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called ______________. - neural stimuli - humoral stimuli - endocrinal stimuli - hormonal stimuli

humoral stimuli

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? - kidney - anterior pituitary - posterior pituitary - hypothalamus

hypothalamus

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. - increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) - increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) - decreased secretion of catecholamines - decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels? - glucagon - gastrin - somatostatin - insulin

insulin

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin? - release glucose into the blood by liver cells - synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules - lower blood glucose levels - catabolize glycogen into glucose

lower blood glucose levels

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? - thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - negative feedback - a circadian rhythm of release - thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

negative feedback

Which of the following pairs correctly match the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces? - zona glomerulosa/mineralocorticoids - medulla/glucocorticoids - zona reticularis/catecholamines - zona fasciculata/gonadocorticoids

zona glomerulosa/mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces? - zona reticularis: catecholamines - zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids - zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids - medulla: glucocorticoids

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? - activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell - phosphorylation of intracellular proteins - increasing protein kinases

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? - directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome - activates a protein kinase - phosphorylates a protein - acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? - luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - growth hormone (GH) - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is the primary function of hormones? - alter cell activity - activate extracellular enzymes - cause allergic reactions - influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses

alter cell activity

What is the primary function of hormones? - alter cell activity - cause allergic reactions - activate extracellular enzymes - stimulate meiosis

alter cell activity

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? - antidiuretic hormone - thyroid-stimulating hormone - follicle-stimulating hormone - oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? - Thyroid - Pituitary - Adrenal - Adenoid

Adenoid

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys? - Parathyroid - Pituitary - Thyroid - Adrenal

Adrenal

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors? - Thyroid-stimulating hormone - Prolactin - Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Follicle-stimulating hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called ____________. - somatotropin - somatostatins - tropins - GHIH

tropins

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? - cortisol - ADH (vasopressin) - aldosterone - angiotensin II

ADH (vasopressin)

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." - Addison's disease - pheochromocytoma - Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? - Graves' disease - cretinism - Addison's disease - Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? - Graves' disease - Cushing's syndrome - Cretinism - Addison's disease

Cushing's syndrome

Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine? Select from letters A-D. - A - B - C - D

D

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? - chaperone proteins (chaperonins) - Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. - transcription factors

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? - control secretion of oxytocin - control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - control secretion of thyroid hormones - control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? - insulin - epinephrine - cortisol

cortisol

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? - oxytocin - HGH - none of these - ADH

none of these

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? - cortisol - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - oxytocin

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones regulates blood calcium ion levels? - parathyroid hormone - thyroid hormone - insulin - luteinizing hormone - glucagon - follicle-stimulating hormone

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? - protein kinase - G protein - adenylate cyclase - phosphodiesterase

phosphodiesterase

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. - possible activation of several different second-messenger systems - formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates - hormone binding to intracellular receptors - cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. - growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone - glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone - insulin, because insulin is a small peptide - steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? - creation of glycogen from glucose - conversion of glucose to fat - breakdown of glycogen into glucose - synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

testosterone production --> hormonal stimulus epinephrine production --> neural stimulus aldosterone production --> humoral and/or hormonal stimulus parathyroid hormone production --> humoral stimulus

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? - the kidney - the skin - the heart - the spleen

the heart

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. - nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific - the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path - the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ - the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone? - thyroid hormone - adrenocorticotropic hormone - parathyroid hormone - antidiuretic hormone

thyroid hormone

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? - cortisol - insulin - thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone