A&P II (Ch 24 - 25)

How are proteins transported from the tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries?

Transported by pinocytosis across the luminal membrane and digested into amino acids

T/F: Electrolytes exert a greater osmotic pressure than nonelectrolytes.

True

T/F: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure has a higher value (60 mm Hg) than other systemic arterioles because the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole, and thus increases the pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

True

A byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver is

Urea

A diabetic patient has high levels of ketoacids in his blood. What organ system will help regulate this acid?

Urinary

Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?

Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb

Angiotensin II results in

a decrease in urine output.

The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the

cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter.

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is the

chloride ion (Cl-)

Secretes ions into the tubular fluid; reabsorption of water

distal convoluted tubule

An individual's conscious decision to urinate is due to altering nerve signals relayed from the cerebral cortex through the spinal cord and along the pudendal nerve to cause relaxation of the

external urethral sphincter

The concentration of Na+ is highest in the

extracellular fluid

T/F: An electrolyte is a molecule that does not dissociate in solution.

false

T/F: Formed substances such as RBCs, leukocytes, and platelets are referred to as freely filtered substances.

false

T/F:Each nephron drains into a collecting duct which, in turn, drains into a collecting tubule.

false

Lactic acid is an example of a ____________ acid.

fixed

During exercise, dehydration will cause a net movement of water

from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid.

In the kidneys, blood goes from the afferent arterioles to the ___________, and then enters the _______________, which then delivers the blood to the ___________.

glomeruli; efferent arteriole; peritubular capillaries

Contains podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits

glomerulus

Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

increased blood pressure

Antiduretic hormone release results in

increased water reabsorption in the kidneys.

The peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into the smallest of veins called the _______ veins

interlobular

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is formed by three layers of smooth muscle that includes the

internal urethral sphincter

What substance is typically used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

inulin

Sodium is an important electrolyte because

it contributes significantly to blood plasma osmolarity

Filters blood and processes filtrate into tubular fluid, then urine

kidney

A patient who secretes too much atrial natriuretic peptide may be in danger of ________ blood pressure.

low

The expulsion of urine from the bladder is called urination or

micturition

The expulsion of urine from the bladder is referred to as

micturition

Elderly people have the lowest body fluid percentage of all age groups, and are therefore _________ likely to develop a fluid imbalance.

more

Contains a descending limb and an ascending limb

nephron loop

The organs of the urinary system include

paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.

Cuboidal cells with tall microvilli; active reabsorption

proximal convoluted tubule

The majority of glucose is reabsorbed through the walls of the

proximal convoluted tubule.

As blood pH becomes too high, the kidneys

reabsorb H+.

nephron consists of

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

The maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the

renal threshold.

A decrease in blood pressure

results in the release of renin from the kidneys

In response to decreasing blood pH, the kidneys

retain bicarbonate.

The longest part of the male urethra that is encased within a cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis is the _________ urethra.

spongy

Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because

the female urethra is shorter than the male's.

The wide base of a renal pyramid lies next to

the renal cortex.

T/F: Aldosterone causes the kidneys to decrease urine output, therefore increasing blood volume and pressure.

true

T/F: Due to the sodium-potassium pump, most potassium in the body is found in the intracellular fluid.

true

T/F: During volume depletion, fluid is lost but there is no net movement of water between intracellular and extracellular compartments.

true

T/F: One of the functions of the mesangial cells is to phagocytize macromolecules that become caught within the basement membrane in glomerular filtration.

true

T/F: One way to assess kidney function is to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

true

T/F: The formula for calculating GFR is GFR = UV/P.

true

T/F: The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure of the nephron where the DCT contacts the afferent arteriole.

true

Urea is important to maintaining the concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid by a process called

urea recycling

Transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder via peristalsis

ureter

Transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body

urethra

Reservoir for urine until micturition (urination) occurs

urinary bladder

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Where is water sequestered in a tissue with edema?

In the interstitial space

Inability to voluntarily control urination

Incontinence

How will the kidneys compensate for a low blood pH?

Increase excretion of H+

Which of the following cells has phagocytic activity to help keep filtration membrane "clean"?

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

Detrusor muscle contraction and internal urethral sphincter relaxation

Micturition reflex

Allows increases in diameter when needed; folds to fill empty spaces

Mucosa

Presence of urine in the renal pelvis causes peristaltic waves here

Muscularis

The sodium concentration gradient across the cell membrane is maintained by

Na+/K+ pumps.

Outermost layer; composed of adipose connective tissue

Paranephric fat

Contains adipose tissue; offers cushioning and insulation

Perinephric fat

Anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneum

Renal fascia

Failure to eliminate urine normally

Retention

Continuous contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

Storage reflex

Which of the following is true concerning the location of the kidneys?

They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.

The kidneys help regulate blood pH by excreting ___________in the urine and by reabsorbing _____________.

H+; bicarbonate

As a part of the urea recycling process, in order for the concentration gradient to be maintained, it is important that urea makes up about _______ of the solutes of the interstitial fluid concentration gradient.

50%

Anchors the ureters to the posterior abdominal walls

Adventitia

Which of the following hormones increases K+ secretion into the urine?

Aldosterone

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?

Approximately two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment.

Maintains the shape and protects it from trauma

Fibrous capsule

Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.

aquaporins

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by

both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.