A&P II - Ch. 27 Acid-Base Balance

Match the cause and description of the acid-base balance with its name. 2. Results from hyperventilation of the lungs.

Respiratory alkalosis

Water intoxication causes low blood sodium. high blood sodium. no blood sodium. vomiting from drinking too much beer. abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

low blood sodium.

The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by proteins. the bicarbonate system. the phosphate system. the carbonic acid system. ammonium ions.

proteins.

This is the principal cation of the ECF. Ca2+ Cl- K+ Na+ Pi

Na+

An increase in blood osmolality causes osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to shrink. action potentials to be sent. an increase in thirst. All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

_____ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments Na+ Cl- Ca2+ K+ Pi

Na+

In order to increase blood pH, which of the following occurs? The secretion of H+ into the filtrate increases An antiport mechanism secretes H+ into the filtrate in exchange for Na+ from the filtrate HCO3- binds with H+ in the capillaries, decreasing the H+ concentration All of these choices are correct The secretion of H+ into the filtrate increases and an antiport mechanism secretes H+ into the filtrate in exchange for Na+ from the filtrate An antiport mechanism secretes H+ into the filtrate in exchange for Na+ from the filtrate and HCO3- binds with H+ in the capillaries, decreasing the H+ concentration

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male? 35% 45% 55% 65% It depends on how much he has recently drunk.

65%

Indicate which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur as a result of the condition described. A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis asthma attack

A. respiratory acidosis

When blood volume and pressure are too high ADH release is inhibited. ADH release is stimulated. renal tubules reabsorb more water. renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. the kidneys produce less urine.

ADH release is inhibited.

Check all that occur as a result of low blood volume and low blood pressure. ADH secretion increases Juxtaglomerular cells increase renin secretion Urine production increases Afferent arterioles in the kidneys constrict

ADH secretion increases Juxtaglomerular cells increase renin secretion Afferent arterioles in the kidneys constrict

Dehydration results in increased blood and ECF osmolarity. This makes osmoreceptors stimulate ____ secretion by the hypothalamus ____ in the DCT and CD. ADH; decreasing water reabsorption ADH; increasing water reabsorption aldosterone; decreasing sodium and water reabsorption aldosterone; increasing sodium and water reabsorption angiotensin II; increasing sodium reabsorption

ADH; increasing water reabsorption

Check all that occur as a result of high blood pressure and high blood volume. ANH is secreted, increasing the Na+ and water loss in the urine ADH secretion increases Urine production increases Juxtaglomerular cells decrease renin secretion

ANH is secreted, increasing the Na+ and water loss in the urine Urine production increases Juxtaglomerular cells decrease renin secretion

Indicate which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur as a result of the condition described. A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis excessive intake of antacids

D. metabolic alkalosis

Check all that occur in the kidneys in response to increased body pH levels. Excess HCO3- is reabsorbed from the tubules Excess HCO3- is excreted in the urine The rate of H+ secretion into the filtrate increases The rate of H+ secretion into the filtrate decreases

Excess HCO3- is reabsorbed from the tubules The rate of H+ secretion into the filtrate decreases

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the respiratory system's regulation of acid-base balance in body fluids. 2. Increased rate and depth of breathing increase CO2 levels.

False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the respiratory system's regulation of acid-base balance in body fluids. 3. When CO2 levels decrease, the extracellular concentration of H+ increases.

False

Mark true or false for the following statements regarding intracellular fluid composition. 3. Electrolytes are transported across the plasma membrane via osmosis.

False

Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. True False

False

Check all that have important aspects of regulating thirst. Increase in blood pressure Decrease in blood pressure Fluid osmolality Water-soluble vitamin absorption

Increase in blood pressure Decrease in blood pressure Fluid osmolality

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water? Plasma Lymph Interstitial fluid Transcellular fluid Cell membrane fluid

Interstitial fluid

Match the cause and description of the acid-base balance with its name. 3. Results from all conditions that decrease the pH below 7.35.

Metabolic acidosis

Match the cause and description of the acid-base balance with its name. 4. Results from all conditions that increase the pH above 7.35.

Metabolic alkalosis

Hypernatremia is a plasma ___ concentration above normal. Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl- Pi

Na+

Match the cause and description of the acid-base balance with its name. 1. Results from inadequate ventilation of the lungs.

Respiratory acidosis

Check all that would occur to intracellular and extracellular fluid if you become dehydrated. Solute concentration in the extracellular fluid decreases as a result of dehydration Solute concentration in the extracellular fluid increases as a result of dehydration Water moves into the cell from the extracellular fluid Water moves out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid Protein concentration within the cell does not change

Solute concentration in the extracellular fluid increases as a result of dehydration Water moves out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid Protein concentration within the cell does not change

Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. True False

True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the respiratory system's regulation of acid-base balance in body fluids. 1. Carbon dioxide reacting with water forms the buffer.

True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the respiratory system's regulation of acid-base balance in body fluids. 4. Decreased H+ levels cause the pH to go up.

True

Mark true or false for the following statements regarding intracellular fluid composition. 1. Water travels across the plasma membrane via osmosis.

True

Mark true or false for the following statements regarding intracellular fluid composition. 2. Proteins and most large solutes remain inside the cell and do not travel across the plasma membrane.

True

Mark true or false for the following statements regarding intracellular fluid composition. 4. Intracellular electrolyte concentration is partly determined by the electrical charge across the membrane

True

Hypernatremia (a high concentration of sodium in the blood) tends to cause all of the following except water retention. edema. hypertension. interstitial fluid accumulation. a reduction in plasma volume.

a reduction in plasma volume.

Edema is always hereditary. caused by hyperproteinemia. abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid. caused by depressed venous pressure. a response to dehydration.

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

Alkalosis is a pH of arterial blood below 7.35 above 7.35 below 7.45 above 7.45 above 10.

above 7.45

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of ADH. aldosterone. atrial natriuretic hormone. oxytocin. prolactin.

aldosterone.

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by prolonged vomiting. taking too many antacids. taking diuretics. gastric lavage ("stomach pumping") all of the above.

all of the above.

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include light headedness. agitation. tingling. titanic muscle contractions. all of the above.

all of the above.

The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by _____. an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water a decrease in the osmotic pressure; stimulation of osmoreceptors a decrease in sodium ions; an increase in sodium ions nerve impulses from the cerebrum; nerve impulses from the thalamus none of the above.

an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water

Maxwell has just finished a brutal 10 kilometer run. His body has an increased production of carbonic acid and increased pH of body fluids. an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and increased pH of body fluids. a decreased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids. no change in production of carbonic acid or pH.

an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems. urinary and respiratory urinary and digestive bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

Match the description with the buffer type. 1. Formed with CO2 and water mix; important in controlling extracellular pH.

carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system

The respiratory system influences the acid-base balance by utilizing the phosphate buffer system. protein buffer system. carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. respiratory buffer system.

carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system.

Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by anything that decreases breathing rate. compensated for by a decreased secretion of bases in the kidneys. compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate. characterized by muscle paralysis. inherited.

compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate.

Metabolic acidosis can be caused by a decreased breathing rate. caused by a decreased gas exchange surface area. compensated for by the retention of large numbers of H+ in the kidneys. compensated for by an increased breathing rate and depth. inherited.

compensated for by an increased breathing rate and depth.

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by converting weak acids to strong acids. converting strong acids to weak acids. increasing breathing rate. promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions. ensuring that the number of acid molecules equals the number of base molecules.

converting strong acids to weak acids.

ADH level in nephrons regulates water output by causing the _____. glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule to filter less or more water glomerular capsule and nephron loop to absorb more or less water distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less sodium ions peritubular capillaries to carry more or less blood.

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water

Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. The stimulus to stop drinking comes from distension of her stomach. hormones secreted by stomach cells. changes in intracellular fluid concentration. changes in extracellular fluid concentration. a signal from her brainstem.

distension of her stomach.

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which supplies the buffer system with CO2. supplies the buffer system with O2. expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system. expels H+ produced by the buffer system. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.

expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.

Synovial fluid is a part of which of the following fluid compartments? plasma interstitial intracellular extracellular cytoplasm

extracellular

The sequence of symptoms of heatstroke is neurological symptoms, dizziness, skin reddening, and then headache and racing heart. headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry. Then breathing rate increases, pulse races, and neurological symptoms begin. Kidney failure and/or heart arrhythmia can be fatal. intense itching, profuse sweating, kidney failure, racing pulse, headache. fever, itching, redness, headache, numb extremities, vomiting. heart palpitations, rash, panic attack, profuse sweating.

headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry. Then breathing rate increases, pulse races, and neurological symptoms begin. Kidney failure and/or heart arrhythmia can be fatal.

The buffer system in blood is formed by the chloride shift through the cell membranes. deoxyhemoglobin generated in white blood cells. phosphate buffer in the renal system. hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells. none of the above.

hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells.

The movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by diffusion and osmosis. hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. pinocytosis and phagocytosis. active and passive transport. diet and weather.

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.

In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ___ the central nervous system. repolarized; inhibits depolarized; stimulates hyperpolarized; depresses depolarized; depresses hyperpolarized; stimulates

hyperpolarized; depresses

The technical term for water intoxication is hypoglycemia. hyperarrhythmia. hyponatremia. hypoxia. dihydrogen oxide alcoholism.

hyponatremia.

Increased ADH causes a(n) ___________ sensation for thirst, and a(n) ___________ in permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water, resulting in __________ urine volume. decrease, decrease, increased increase, increase, decreased increase, decrease, increased decrease, increase, decreased

increase, increase, decreased

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes decreased secretion of calcium by the kidney. increased secretion of potassium by the kidney. decreased reabsorption of sodium by the kidney. increased reabsorption of phosphate ions by the kidney. decreased secretion of potassium by the kidney.

increased secretion of potassium by the kidney.

If dehydration develops, solute concentration in the extracellular fluid ___________, causing water to move ____________ the intracellular fluid and ___________ the extracellular fluid. decreases, into, out of decreases, out of, into increases, into, out of increases, out of, into

increases, out of, into

The ____________ fluid compartment of the body consists of all of the fluid inside the cells, while the ______________ fluid compartment consists of fluid outside the cells, such as interstitial fluid and plasma. intracellular, extracellular extracellular, intracellular interior, exterior subcellular, metacellular

intracellular, extracellular

pH increases with acidity. is measured on a scale of 0 to 10. is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration. reflects sodium content of body fluids. is not related to amounts of carbon dioxide in the body.

is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration.

Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. none of the above.

metabolic acidosis.

Chronic vomiting can lead to metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. lymphatic alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Excessive intake of antacids can lead to metabolic alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. digestive alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. endocrine acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. any of the above.

metabolic alkalosis.

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called baroreceptors. proprioceptors. nociceptors. osmoreceptors. mechanoreceptors.

osmoreceptors.

The respiratory center is most likely to increase the breathing rate if the concentration of carbonic acid is decreasing. pH of body fluids is decreasing. pH of body fluids is increasing. concentration of sodium bicarbonate is increasing. none of the above.

pH of body fluids is decreasing.

Match the description with the buffer type. 3. An important intracellular buffer; HPO4- is an example.

phosphate buffer system

Edema results from fluid shifting from the ________ to the __________. interstitial fluid, plasma capillaries, plasma plasma, interstitial fluid plasma, intracellular fluid compartment

plasma, interstitial fluid

Buffers function to ________________. cause pH levels to change dramatically prevent dramatic changes in pH catalyze acid-base reactions increase the pH of a system dramatically

prevent dramatic changes in pH

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates angiotensin II secretion. promotes water conservation. stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. inhibits salivation and thirst. targets the cerebral cortex.

promotes water conservation.

Match the description with the buffer type. 2. Provides ¾ of the body's buffer capacity; hemoglobin is an example.

protein buffer system

When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they ___ at the same time. secrete potassium secrete sodium reabsorb potassium secrete chloride reabsorb sodium

reabsorb sodium

Breathing with the head inside a plastic bag can lead to metabolic alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. urinary alkalosis. urinary acidosis. respiratory acidosis.

respiratory acidosis.

Emphysema can lead to metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. digestive alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

Obstruction of the airways leads to respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. high pH alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

Hyperventilation leads to respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. emphysema.

respiratory alkalosis.

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are actively reabsorbed. passively reabsorbed. secreted. resorbed. destroyed.

secreted.

In acidosis, the kidneys compensate by secreting more bicarbonate. secreting more ammonia. secreting more sodium. reabsorbing more hydrogen ions. reabsorbing more ammonia.

secreting more ammonia.

Aldosterone receptors are found on cells of the adrenal cortex. the adrenal medulla. the posterior pituitary. the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Most of the body water is in the intracellular fluid (ICF). the extracellular fluid (ECF). tissue (interstitial) fluid. blood plasma and lymph. the transcellular fluid.

the intracellular fluid (ICF).

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by the temperature difference between compartments. the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment. the relative volume in each compartment. the relative size of each compartment. blood pressure.

the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment.

In which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema? intracellular fluid (ICF) transcellular fluid tissue (interstitial) fluid blood plasma lymph

tissue (interstitial) fluid