A&P II Module 21 Respiratory System NWCC

The partial pressure of oxygen inside alveoli is: Choose the best answer. 45 mm Hg 760 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 104 mm Hg

104 mm Hg

ResetHelp The root word means "breathing." The root word means "within" or "inside." The root word means "over" or "above." The root word means "to breathe."

2 of 45 Review Part A - Prefixes, Roots and SuffixesPart complete Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings. ResetHelp The root word -pnea means "breathing." The root word intra- means "within" or "inside." The root word hyper- means "over" or "above." The root word spiro- means "to breathe."

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic arterial blood is __________. 45 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 104 mm Hg 40 mm Hg

40 mm Hg This is equal to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli and will create a pressure gradient that will allow carbon dioxide to be picked up from tissues.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues is: Choose the best answer. 100 mm Hg 104 mm Hg 45 mm Hg 40 mm Hg

45 mm Hg The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissue is about 45 mm Hg and can increase even further as tissue metabolic activity increases.

If the atmospheric pressure is 700 mm Hg, the intrapulmonary pressure that will result in inspiration is: 698 mm Hg 760 mm Hg 702 mm Hg 700 mm Hg

698 mm Hg When the pressure inside the lungs becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure, a gradient is generated and air flows into the lungs.

Which of the following structures is part of the respiratory zone? Trachea Nasal cavity Nose Alveoli

Alveoli

Which of the following changes accompanies emphysema? Vital capacity increases. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases. Pulmonary compliance decreases. Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost.

Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost.

A patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __________. Asthma Emphysema Lung cancer Chronic bronchitis

Asthma

Which of the following methods does not transport carbon dioxide in the blood? Dissolved in the plasma As bicarbonate ions in blood Bound to Hb within erythrocytes Bound to Hb within platelets

Bound to Hb within platelets

How is most oxygen transported in the blood? As carbonic acid in the plasma Combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

Which of the following actions is not classified as a nonrespiratory movement? Yawn Breathing Sigh Sneeze

Breathing

What structure of the lower respiratory tract lacks cartilage but contains a large amount of smooth muscle? Bronchioles Alveoli Bronchi Trachea

Bronchioles

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2, ? The capillary walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2. CO2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than O2. CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.

CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2. Yes, because CO2 is very soluble in blood, it does not require as large a pressure gradient as O2.

_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______. CO2; pulmonary capillaries O2; pulmonary cavities CO2; alveoli O2; alveoli

CO2; alveoli Yes, CO2 diffuses along its partial pressure gradient from the pulmonary capillaries into

Which of the following structures is not associated with the larynx? Glottis Arytenoid cartilage Carina Vestibular folds

Carina

Which of the following actions will occur in the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure? Inhalation Burst Collapse Overinflation

Collapse

Which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure? Boyle's law Dalton's law Both Boyle's law and Henry's law Henry's law

Dalton's law

Which of the following functions is not associated with the larynx? Sound production Pathway for food and air Detection of odors Warming and moistening air

Detection of odors

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways? Elasticity of the lung tissues Degree of alveolar surface tension Presence of surfactant Diameter of the conducting zone passageways

Diameter of the conducting zone passageways

What is (are) the main muscle(s) of pulmonary ventilation? External intercostal muscles Serratus anterior muscles Diaphragm External obliques

Diaphragm

What flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing? Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Epiglottis

Epiglottis

During tissue gas exchange, oxygen diffuses: . From tissue to blood From blood to tissue From alveoli to blood From blood to alveoli

From blood to tissue Oxygen diffuses from higher to lower partial pressure, and therefore from blood to tissues.

What is the opening between the vocal cords of the larynx called? Vestibular folds Epiglottis Glottis Carina

Glottis

Carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma, although it has a very low partial pressure. What law describes this phenomenon? Boyle's law Henry's law Charles' law Dalton's law

Henry's law

Which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation? High partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood Low concentration of hydrogen ions in arterial blood Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

During pulmonary ventilation, air moves from: Higher to lower pressure Lower to higher volume Higher to lower volume Lower to higher pressure

Higher to lower pressure Air will move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure until equilibrium is reached.

Which one of the following pressures is not a gradient that influences pulmonary ventilation? Intrapulmonary pressure Hydrostatic pressure Intrapleural pressure Atmospheric pressure

Hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following factors will increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen? Increased CO in the blood Decreased blood pH Increased temperature Increased Pco2

Increased CO in the blood

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg. Inspiration No air movement Atelectasis Exhalation

Inspiration

The pressure inside lung alveoli is called: Intrapleural pressure Interpulmonary pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Atmospheric pressure

Intrapulmonary pressure

Why is carbon monoxide so toxic? It causes a change in Hb's shape that increases its affinity for oxygen. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It causes a change in Hb's shape that decreases its affinity for oxygen. It readily dissolves in the plasma.

It causes a change in Hb's shape that increases its affinity for oxygen.

Which does not describe simple squamous epithelium? It functions to protect from mechanical stresses and microorganisms. It provides a barrier through which gasses and fluids can be exchanged. It is found in the alveolar air sacs of lungs. It produces serous fluid.

It functions to protect from mechanical stresses and microorganisms.

Why does carbon dioxide dissolve better in plasma than oxygen? It has a bigger air volume. It has a higher solubility in water. It has a higher partial pressure. It has a lower solubility in water.

It has a higher solubility in water.

Which of the following bones is not a location of a paranasal sinus? Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases? The partial pressure of oxygen increases. More oxygen is released from hemoglobin. The same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. More oxygen binds to hemoglobin.

More oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

Air inhaled through the nose travels through the divisions of the pharynx in what order? Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx Nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, and oropharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

The Earth atmosphere contains gases such as nitrogen (78.6%), oxygen (20.9%), argon (0.9%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%). Which of these gases will have the highest partial pressure? Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Carbon dioxid

Nitrogen Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of all the individual pressures of the gases in that mixture. The individual pressure of a gas is called its partial pressure and depends on its abundance. The more abundant the gas, the higher its partial pressure.

ResetHelp Normal breathing is called . A(n) measures the amount of air a person can breathe in and out. pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity. is faster than normal breathing.

Normal breathing is called eupnea. A(n) spirometer measures the amount of air a person can breathe in and out. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity. Hyperpnea is faster than normal breathing.

What determines the direction of gas movements in internal respiration? Partial pressure gradient Molecular weight of the gas molecule Temperature Gas solubility in water

Partial pressure gradient

What are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to? Concentration of hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid Concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

What is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood? Amount of BPG Po2 of the blood Amount of hemoglobin Pco2 of the blood

Pco2 of the blood

What reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract? Pleural fluid Mucus Synovial fluid Surfactant

Pleural fluid

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure? Pressure decreases when volume decreases. Pressure increases when volume decreases. Pressure and volume changes are unrelated. Pressure increases when volume increases.

Pressure increases when volume decreases.

Name the epithelial tissue that forms the respiratory mucosa. Simple cuboidal Stratified squamous Simple squamous Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Blood send to the tissue via the arterial systemic circulation is the same blood as: Blood inside alveoli Hypoxygenated Arterial venous blood Pulmonary venous blood Pulmonary arterial blood

Pulmonary venous blood Blood leaving the lungs via the pulmonary veins is oxygenated because it has picked up oxygen from alveoli. It will return to the left side of the heart, and from there it will enter the arteries of the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to body tissues.

Which of the following conditions is not associated with a blood pH below 7.35? Hypercapnia Hyperventilation Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

ResetHelp The prefix means "small cavity." The prefix means "lung." The prefix means "windpipe." The prefix means "alongside."

Review Part A Part complete Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings. ResetHelp The prefix alveol- means "small cavity." The prefix pleur- means "lung." The prefix bronchi- means "windpipe." The prefix para- means "alongside."

What is the function of goblet cells? Warms and humidifies the air Enhances voice resonance Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles Propels debris upward and out

Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles

What reduces alveolar surface tension? Partial pressure Mucus Surfactant Water

Surfactant

Why are the rings of cartilage surrounding the trachea C-shaped? The C rings of cartilage keep the trachea patent (open). The C rings of cartilage allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing. The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing, allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing, and keep the trachea patent (open). The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing.

The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing, allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing, and keep the trachea patent (open).

Which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBCs? Ventilation-perfusion matching Dalton's law The Bohr effect The chloride shift

The chloride shift

Which of the following factors does not affect the efficiency of tissue gas exchange? The perfusion of the tissue The distance over which diffusion must occur The surface area available for gas exchange The diameter of an alveolus

The diameter of an alveolus

ResetHelp The are located alongside the nasal cavity. resemble hollow clusters of grapes. A small air passage that can be dilated or constricted is a(n) . The contains the lungs.

The paranasal sinuses are located alongside the nasal cavity. Alveolar sacs resemble hollow clusters of grapes. A small air passage that can be dilated or constricted is a(n) bronchiole. The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle? The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 would remain unchanged. The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase. The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease.

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase. Yes, cells use O2 and produce CO2 during cellular respiration to produce ATP. Exercising muscles need more ATP.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which of the following factors will not increase airway resistance? The sympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system Inflammation Increased mucus

The sympathetic nervous system

What is the relationship between lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration? The volume of the lungs increases and the intrapulmonary pressure increases. The volume of the lungs decreases and the intrapulmonary pressure decreases. The volume of the lungs decreases and the intrapulmonary pressure increases. The volume of the lungs increases and the intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

The volume of the lungs increases and the intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

What effect will low-oxygen conditions have on pulmonary arterioles? Because there is a ventilation/perfusion mismatch, it can lead to increase in vasodilation in areas where there is low oxygen. There will be an increase in vasoconstriction and cause pressures to decrease. There will be an increase in vasodilation to decrease blood pressure. There will be an increase in vasoconstriction and cause pressures to increase.

There will be an increase in vasoconstriction and cause pressures to increase. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch can lead to increase in vasoconstriction in areas where there is low oxygen.

Which of the following statements best describe Type I alveolar cells? They are flat, thin scale-like cells that allow for diffusion of gases. They are simple cuboidal cells that hold volume to produce large quantities of surfactant. They make up the pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue that allows goblets cells to produce mucus and the cilia on the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells to trap and sweep up the debris mixed with mucus. Type I cells increase surface area to volume ratio to increase surface tension.

They are flat, thin scale-like cells that allow for diffusion of gases.

Which statement best describes tidal volume? Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing. Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration. Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration. Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration.

Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system? Pharynx Larynx Trachea Nasal cavity

Trachea

Which structure is not found in the upper respiratory tract? Trachea Thyroid cartilage Pharynx Larynx

Trachea

What type of alveolar cell produces surfactant? Type II alveolar cells Alveolar phagocytes Type I alveolar cells Alveolar macrophages

Type II alveolar cells

How would blocking the structures of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract impair ventilation? Tissue gas exchange would increase. The oxygen to carbon dioxide ratio from the air will decrease. Ventilation may increase to compensate for the reduction in gas exchange. Ventilation may decrease because gas exchange decreases.

Ventilation may increase to compensate for the reduction in gas exchange.

What pulmonary capacity can be measured when a person inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible? Total lung capacity Functional residual capacity Inspiratory capacity Vital capacity

Vital capacity

Air travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the __________. alveolar ducts alveolar sacs tertiary bronchi terminal bronchioles

alveolar ducts

Which of the following is part of the respiratory zone? alveoli bronchi nasal cavity pulmonary capillaries

alveoli

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________. dissolved in plasma as the bicarbonate ion as carbaminohemoglobin as carbonic acid

as the bicarbonate ion

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the respiratory system? maintain acid-base balance olfaction produce speech and vocalizations assist with the flow of arterial blood

assist with the flow of arterial blood

he respiratory system does not function in __________. odor detection blood cell production speech production acid-base homeostasis

blood cell production

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form _____________. carbonic acid carbaminohemoglobin bicarbonate hydrochloric acid

carbonic acid

The affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __________. decreased pH in the blood decreased metabolic rate increased body temperature increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

decreased metabolic rate

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique diaphragm and internal intercostals

diaphragm and external intercostals Yes, contraction of both the diaphragm (the diaphragm flattens) and the external intercostals (pulls the ribs up and out) will increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. This will cause air to move into the lungs (inspiration).

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? histamine epinephrine acetylcholine (ACh) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system

epinephrine Yes, during an allergic reaction, there is increased resistance in the bronchioles and epinephrine dilates the bronchioles, thus making it easier to breathe. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland during stressful situations. People with severe allergies carry an EpiPen in case the allergic reaction produces anaphylaxis.

The amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration is known as the: tidal volume. vital capacity. inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume.

expiratory reserve volume.

Which of the following muscles is involved in normal quiet inspiration? parietal pleura internal intercostal muscles abdominal muscles external intercostal muscles

external intercostal muscles

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __________. four molecules of oxygen eight molecules of oxygen two molecules of oxygen one molecule of oxygen

four molecules of oxygen

Air moves out of the lungs when the intrapulmonary pressure, or pressure inside the lungs, is __________. equal to atmospheric pressure greater than atmospheric pressure less than atmospheric pressure less than intrapleural pressure

greater than atmospheric pressure

Expiration occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is: lesser than intrapleural pressure. equal to atmospheric pressure. lesser than atmospheric pressure. greater than atmospheric pressure.

greater than atmospheric pressure.

Respiratory acidosis results from __________. hypocapnia hypoxemia hypoventilation hyperventilation

hypoventilation

Extremely low concentrations of oxygen in the blood is known as __________. asthma hypoxemia emphysema hypercapnia

hypoxemia

Which of the following will cause an increase in the efficiency of gas exchange? decreased oxygen partial pressure difference increased distance for diffusion due to a thicker respiratory membrane decreased surface area for exchange increased ventilation-perfusion matching

increased ventilation-perfusion matching Better ventilation-perfusion matching will allow for a more efficient gas exchange, because the amount of fresh air reaching the alveoli is matched to blood flow in pulmonary capillaries.

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure

intrapleural pressure Yes, the lungs tend to decrease their size while the chest wall tends to pull the thorax outward. This makes the intrapleural pressure more negative than the other two pressures (described as subatmospheric), thus keeping the lungs inflated.

A patient presents in with a persistent cough, swollen lymph nodes, loss of voice, and fever. What do you think the patient is likely suffering from? Rhinitis Pneumonia Sinus infection laryngitis

laryngitis

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lungs will inflate lung volume will stay the same lungs will collapse

lungs will collapse Yes, the transpulmonary pressure creates the suction that keeps the lungs inflated. When room air enters the pleural space, transpulmonary pressure is zero and the lungs deflate - this is known as a pneumothorax.

Compared to bronchi, bronchioles have __________. more mucus larger diameter more smooth muscle more cartilage

more smooth muscle

In what order does air inhaled through the nose travel, from superior to inferior? laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

A decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? Temperature Pco2 pH BPG

pH

When considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________. partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary capillaries partial pressure of oxygen in systemic capillaries partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

The majority of the nasal cavity is lined with: simple cuboidal epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. transitional epithelium.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called __________. tidal volume pulmonary gas exchange pulmonary ventilation cellular respiration

pulmonary ventilation

The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is __________. gas transport tissue gas exchange pulmonary gas exchange pulmonary ventilation

pulmonary ventilation

Increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in ___________. hypercapnia respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis hypoventilation

respiratory alkalosis

______________ is an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes. stethoscope sphygmomanometer thermometer spirometer

spirometer

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following locations except: terminal bronchioles. alveolar ducts. alveolar sacs. respiratory bronchioles.

terminal bronchioles.

uring inspiration, after leaving the larynx, air enters the __________. nasal cavity pharynx trachea lungs

trachea

The _____________ is the serous membrane lining the surface of the lungs. visceral peritoneum parietal pleura visceral pleura parietal peritoneum

visceral pleura