A&P Lecture 7 (PPTX)

Describe the processes of the (general) cervical foramen

*transverse:* anterior, with foramina in middle *spinous:* fork-shaped

Describe the processes of the (general) thoracic foramen

*transverse:* posterior, long, articulates with rib *spinous:* pointy

Describe the processes of the (general) lumbar foramen

*transverse:* posterior, short; no facets or foramen *spinous:* thick

What is the function of the sacrum?

- articulates with hip superiorly - has foramen for blood vessels for spinal nerves to pass through

What is the function of the ilium?

- attach to muscles of trunk, hip, thigh - articulates with sacrum at sacroiliac joint

What is the function of the facial skeleton?

- cavities for special sense organs: sight, smell, taste - turbinate air - opening for passage of air and food - secure teeth - anchor facial muscles

The organic components of bone is composed of ___

- collagen fibers - semi-solid ground substance (proteoglycan, glycoproteins) - cells

What is the function of the vertebral curve?

- flexibility and resilience - better supports body weight (spring-like)

What is the function of the organic components of bone?

- gives tensile strength - resist stretching and twisting

What is the function of the inorganic components of bone?

- harden matrix, rigidity and inflexibility - gives compression strength

In what conditions does bone formation occur?

- high blood Ca2+ lv - greater stress on bone

In what conditions does bone resorption occur?

- low blood Ca2+ lv

What is the function of the medial longitudinal arch?

- prevent medial side of foot from touching ground - gives footprint characteristic shape

Why is the foot arched?

- provide strength and flexibility

What are the processes of the vertebral bone?

- spinal: single; extends anteriorly - articular: 2 pairs; extends superiorly & inferiorly - transverse: 1 pair; extends laterally

Where is red bone marrow located?

- spongy bone of long bones - diploe of flat bones

What is the function of the sternum?

- stabilize rib rage - protects heart, vena cava, thymus

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

- warm & humidify air - lighten skull - enhance resonance of voice

Describe the steps of endochondral ossification

1) Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops (week 8-12) 2) Cartilage calcifies; periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis 3) Primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis 4) Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses 5) Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates 6. Bone lengthens until epiphyseal plate closes (cartilage in plate ossify between age 10 and 25)

Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification

1) Ossification centers form: osteogenic cells become osteoblasts and begin secreting osteoid 2) osteoid calcifies 3) woven bone and periosteum forms: woven bone is immature & unorganized; mesenchyme condense and form periosteum; blood vessels form 4) woven bone replaced by lamellar bone

Ribs ___ are true ribs

1-7

Bone is ___ organic and ___ inorganic

1/3; 2/3

Ribs ___ are floating ribs

11-12

The hip bones fuse at age ___

13-15

How many phalanges are there?

14 (2 for thumb; 3 for others)

What are the tarsal bones?

1st group (superior to inferior): talus, calcaneus Middle: navicular distal row (medial to lateral): medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid

The skull is composed of ___ bones

22 (8 cranial and 14 facial)

How many rib bones are there?

24 (12 pairs)

The coccyx fuse at age ___

25

How many sinuses are there?

4 pairs (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary)

How many bones is in each vertebral division?

7,12,5,5,4 (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx)

Ribs ___ are false ribs

8-12 (false + floating)

Which vertebra does not have a body?

Atlas (C1)

Which vertebra has the odontoid process (dens) on the superior surface of its body?

Axis (C2)

Start at slide 38

INCOm

What are the carpal bones? (lateral to medial)

Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

The hip bones articulates with the femur at the ___

acetabulum (point of fusion of all 3 bones)

Describe the structure of the paranasal sinuses

air-filled chambers within skull bones - mucus-lined and air-filled - air moves in from nasal cavity - mucus drains out to nasal cavity

The talus is also called the ___

ankle

What are the parts of the intervertebral disc?

annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

What are the names of the cranial fossae?

anterior, middle, posterior

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

attach lower limbs to axial skeleton

The arch of the foot is maintained by the ___

attachment between bones, ligaments, and tendons

What is the function of the coccyx?

attachment site for ligaments

What is the function of the lesser & greater horns of the hyoid bone?

attachment site for muscles involved in swallowing and speech

The medial longitudinal arch of the foot extends from the ___ to the ___

ball of foot (big toe); heel

What is the function of the ischium?

bears weight when sitting via the paired ischial tuberosities

The hallux is also called the ___

big toe

What are the components of the vertebral bone?

body, vertebral foramen, vertebral arch,

What is interstitial bone growth?

bone growth in length - epiphyseal plate: cartilage grows on epiphysis side; cartilage on diaphysis side dies and calcifies

What is appositional bone growth?

bone growth in width - bone is added on external surface and resorbed on internal - faster addition than resorption rate

The sternum is also called the ___

breastbone

The ___ is attached to the Achilles tendon

calcaneus

For endrochondral ossification, ___ is used as the framework on which ossification occurs

cartilage

What are the components of the osteon?

central canal, concentric lamella, osteocytes, lacuna, canaliculi, perforating canal, circumferential lamella, interstitial lamella

The posterior cranial fossa supports the ___

cerebellum, part of brainstem

What are the divisions of the vertebral column?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

When does bone formation occur?

childhood and adolescence

Thoracic vertebrae has a ___ foramen

circular

What is the curvature is each vertebral division?

concave, convex, concave, convex (fused), fused

What is the function of the lateral longitudinal arch?

contributes to footprint shape

What are the skull sutures?

coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

What are the 2 parts of the cranium?

cranial vault and cranial base

Pelvic bones form through ___ ossification

endochondral

The clavicle bones form through ___ ossification

endochondral

Vertebral bones form through ___ ossification

endochondral

T/F: the oral cavity contains all salivary glands

false (most)

T/F: Spongy bone contains blood vessels BUT no osteons

false (no blood vessels nor osteons)

T/F Compact bone is replaced faster than spongy bone

false (slower)

T/F: All ribs articulate with the sternum

false (true ribs only)

The ___ is the largest, strongest, and longest bone of the body

femur (1/4 size of height)

What is the pubic symphysis?

fibrocartilaginous joint (disc) at which two pubic bones fuse together

For intramembranous ossification, ___ is used as the framework on which ossification occurs

fibrous CT

Most skull bones are ___ bones

flat

Rib bones are ___ bones

flat

Lumbar vertebrae has a ___ foramen

flattened triangular

The anterior cranial fossa supports the ___

frontal lobe

The anterior cranial fossa is composed of the ___ bone

frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid

The orbital cavities are composed of the ___ bone

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal bone and maxilla

What is the function of concentric lamella?

gives bone strength and resilience - protects against torsion

The two pairs of projections of the hyoid bone are called the ___

greater and lesser horn

The knuckles is the ___ (what bone?)

head of metacarpals

The calcaneus is also called the ___

heel

Osteoclasts originate from ___

hematopoietic progenitor cells (https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/9/2073/htm)

The os coxae is also called the ___

hip bones

The inorganic components of bone is composed of ___

hydroxyapatite crystals along long axis of collagen - Ca3(PO4)2 combined with other salts

What are the components of the hip bones?

ilium (iliac crest, sacroiliac joint), ischium (ischial tuberosities), pubis (pubic symphysis), obturator foramen, acetabulum

What is the function of the nucleus pulposus?

inner portion of disc - elastic and compressible

The internal circumferential lamellae is found ___

internal to endosteum

The external circumferential lamellae is found ___

internal to periosteum

Skull bones form through ___ ossification

intramembraneous

What is the obturator foramen?

large hole below acetabulum; formed by pubis and ischium - allows blood vessels and nerves to connect to lower limbs

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

limbs and girdles (hip, scapula, clavicle)

What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

limits expansion of nucleus pulposus

The lateral longitudinal arch of the foot extends from the ___ to the ___

little toe; heel

The clavicle is a ___ bone

long

The most common type of bone is ___

long bones

The oral cavity are composed of the ___ bone

maxilla and mandible

The highest arch of the foot is the ___

medial longitudinal

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

movement

Which bone cell is structurally different from the others

osteoclast (large, multinuclear phagocytes)

___ are located in resorption lacunae

osteoclasts

Mechanical stress in the bone matrix is detected by ___ (cell type)

osteocytes

Osteoblasts originate from ___

osteoprogenitor cells

Describe the structure of the annulus fibrosis

outer portion of intervertebral disc - composed of collagen fibers and fibrocartilage

The palatine bone is a (single/paired) bone

paired

Spongy bone contains ___ lamellae

parallel

The air-filled chambers within skull bones are called the ___

paranasal sinuses

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

periosteum and endosteum

Where does bone remodeling occur?

periosteum and endosteum surfaces

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

protecting, supporting, carrying other body parts

What is the function of circumferential lamella?

protects against torsion

The transverse arch of the foot extends from the ___ to the ___

proximal cuneiform; cuboid (distal row of tarsals)

What are the types of phalanges?

proximal, middle, distal

Describe interstitial lamellae

remnants of resorbed osteons or fill-ins - incomplete; have no central canal

The nasal cavity is divided by the ___

septum (vomer & ethmoid bone combined)

The vomer is a (single/paired) bone

single

What are the single/paired bones of the facial skeleton?

single: mandible, vomer paired: nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palantine, maxilla, inferior nasal concha

The ___ is the most complex bony structure in the body

skull

What does the axial skeleton include?

skull, vertebrae, rib cage (ribs + sternum)

How do spongy bone receive nutrients?

some canaliculi are open to surface to allow diffusion of nutrients and waste

The middle cranial fossa is composed of the ___ bone

sphenoid and temporal

The nasal cavity are composed of the ___ bone

sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, nasal bone, inferior nasal concha, maxilla

Trabeculae align along lines of ___

stress (to distribute stress throughout)

The tibia articulates with the fibula at the ___ (tarsal bone)

talus

The posterior cranial fossa is composed of the ___ bone

temporal and occipital

The middle cranial fossa supports the ___

temporal lobe and pituitary gland

___ vertebrae contains costal facets

thoracic

The pollex is also called the ___

thumb

The costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae are found at the ___

transverse processes

Cervical vertebrae has a ___ foramen

triangular

T/F: All ribs articulate with the vertebrae

true

T/F: children have red bone marrow in their medullary cavities

true

T/F: concentric lamellae have collagen fibers running in alternating directions

true

T/F: osteocytes are connected by gap junctions

true

T/F: spongy bone has an open lattice structure

true

T/F: the ethmoid bone is a single bone

true

T/F: the nasal cavity is the first part of the respiratory tract

true

T/F: the sphenoid bone is a single bone

true

T/F: Yellow marrow can revert to red marrow if more RBCs are needed.

true (in extreme anemic conditions)

T/F: the hyoid bone has no direct articulations with any other bones

true (maintained by ligaments & muscles)

T/F: the foot is arched

true (medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse arch)

T/F: most skull bones are connected by sutures

true (only exception is mandible = freely moving)

What is osteoid?

unmineralized (organic) bone matrix

What is the function of osteons?

weigh bearing pillars; runs longitudinally - resist torsional stress

The female pelvis is ________ than the male pelvis

wider and shallower

What are the 5 cartilaginous zones in interstitial bone growth?

zone of ... 1) resting cartilage 2) proliferating cartilage 3) hypertrophic cartilage 4) calcified cartilage 5) ossification